Ground School

1. Ground School Private Pilot Airplane Crosswinds Flight School

2. Requirements for private pilot • 17 years of age • Able to read, write and converse in English • Obtain at least a 3rd class medical certificate • Receive and log ground training from an authorized instructor or complete a home study course • Pass a knowledge test scoring 70% or better

3. Requirements cont. • Accumulate at least 40 hours of flight time • At least 20 hours from an authorized flight instructor, including at least : • 3 hr. cross-country • 3 hr. at night including • 1 cross-country flight over 100 NM total distance • 10 takeoff and landings to a full stop • 3 hr. instrument training • 3 hr. in airplanes in preparation for the practical test within 60 days prior

4. Solo Requirements • 10 hr. solo flight time • 5 hr. of solo cross country flights • 1 solo cross-county of at least 150 NM total distance, with full-stop landings at a minimum of 3 points and with one segment consisting of at least a 50 NM leg between the takeoff and landing locations • 3 solo takeoffs and landings to a full stop at an airport with an operating control tower.

5. Requirements cont. • Obtain a logbook sign-off by your CFI for: • Preflight preparation/procedures • Airport/seaport base operations • Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds • Performance maneuvers • Ground reference maneuvers • Navigation • Slow flight and stalls • Basic instrument maneuvers • Emergency operations • Night operations • Post flight procedures Successfully complete a practical flight test with FAA

6. Day 1 • Aircraft Training • Airports • Aerodynamics • Airplane Stability, Load Factors, and Wake

7. Aircraft Training • Dispatch procedures • Use of checklists • Certificates and Documents Location and Use • Aircraft Preflight • Aeronautical Decision Making and Judgment • Recovery Procedures • Engine Controls • Flight Controls • Emergency Equipment & survival gear • Aircraft Servicing • Fuel grades

8. Dispatch procedures • Scheduling • Aircraft key control procedures • Aircraft and airport security/access procedures • Handling of aircraft and discrepancies found during preflight including re-dispatch in a new aircraft, if appropriate

9. Use of checklists The foundation of pilot standardization and cockpit safety

10. Certificates and documents location and use • A airworthiness certificate • R registration • R radio license (not required in US) • O operation limitations – may be any combination of FAA –approved airplane Flight manual and/or pilot’s operating handbook, placards, instrument markings • W weight and balance info

11. Aircraft preflight • Follow the checklist!

12. Aeronautical decision making and judgment • Decisions with time constraints immediate action • Aviate • Navigate • communicate • Decisions without time constraints • Aviate • Gather information • Consider alternative action

13. Hazardous attitudes • Antiauthority - resents supervision, does not like to be bound by schedules or habits, prefers to do things when they feel ready • Impulsivity - the inclination of an individual to initiate behavior without adequate forethought as to the consequences of their actions • Invulnerability – resistant to harm and impact • Macho - trying to cover up their complex • Resignation – believes they can’t do it and gives in

14. Recovery procedures • Ground handling after flight – fueling • Securing the aircraft • Locking and securing keys • Paperwork after flight • Notification of aircraft discrepancies • Return of aircraft to the way it was found

15. Engine controls • Primer – if engine is cold • Master switch – battery/alternator • Throttle – pump 3 times • Ignition – turn to start

16. Flight controls • Ailerons • Rudder • Elevator

17. Emergency equipment andsurvival gear • ELT – required • Water • Food • First aid kit • Aviation fire extinguisher • Cell phone • Flotation device – if over water • Emergency strobe/flash light – batteries • Blanket/hat/coat/gloves – cold weather gear

18. Aircraft servicing • Money or credit card for fuel/oil • Make sure you are able to self-service

19. Fuel grades • Low-lead 100- octane ( 100LL ) • Dyed blue • Distinctive AVGAS odor • Jet-A • Clear or straw colored • Kerosene scent and oily to touch • Automotive gas –MOGAS (appropriate aircraft)

20. Airports • Wind Direction Indicators • Airport, Runway, and Taxiway Signs • Airport, Runway, and Taxiway Markings • Airport, Runway, and Taxiway Lighting • Radio Calls and Checks • CTAF • Obtaining Airport Advisories

21. Wind direction indicators

22. Traffic pattern indicators

23. Airport, runway, andtaxiway signs • Airport signs – color is key • Red- mandatory • Black/yellow letters – position • Yellow/black letters - directional

24. Airport signage

25. Airport, runway, andtaxiway markings

26. Radio calls and checks • Phonetic alphabet • Use the 5 W’s • Who are you calling – “Crosskeys traffic” • Who are you – “Cessna 14H” • Where are you – “Departing/downwind/final/clear” • What your intentions are - “For 27/9” • Who are you calling – for clarification – “Crosskeys”

27. CTAF-common traffic advisory frequency For airports without a control tower May be a: • UNICOM • Multicom • FSS • Tower frequency (when closed) and is identified in appropriate aeronautical publications.

28. CTAF continued • UNICOM – a nongovernmental communications facility which may provide information at certain airports. • Multicom – a mobile service not open to public Correspondence used to provide communications essential to conduct the activities being performed by or directed from private aircraft.

29. Flight service station 1-800 WX-brief FSS – Air traffic facilities which provide • Pilot briefings • En route communication • VFR search and rescue services • Assist lost aircraft and aircraft in emergencies • Relay ATC clearances • Originate Notices to Airmen (NOTAMS) • Broadcast aviation wx and NAS (National air service) information • Receive and process flight plans • Monitor NAVAIDs

30. Flight service station continued In addition, at selected locations, FSSs provide • En route Flight Advisory Service (Flight watch) Flight Watch is the common name in the United States for an Enroute Flight Advisory Service (EFAS) dedicated to providing weather to and collecting it from pilots operating at lower altitudes (mostly general aviation). • Take weather observations • Issue airport advisories • Advise customs and immigrations of trans-boarder flights

31. Obtaining airport advisories • Local airport advisory is provided by flight service stations or the military at airports not serviced by an operating control tower • Provides information to arriving and departing aircraft concerning wind direction and speed, favored runway, altimeter setting, pertinent know traffic, pertinent know field conditions, airport taxi routes and traffic patters, and authorized instrument approaches. • This information is advisory only – not an ATC clearance

32. Obtaining airport advisories • Other airport advisories common at non-tower airports may be obtained over the CTAF from other aircraft in the pattern or through the UNICOM. • Pilots landing at non-tower airports should monitor the CTAF at least 10-20 miles out to hear other traffic in the pattern. • If unable, request an airport advisory 5-10 miles out. • Check wind sock.

33. Airports continued • Runway Incursions • Use of Aircraft Lighting during Taxi and Traffic Pattern Operations • Collision avoidance • Scanning for Traffic • Traffic Pattern Operations • Practice Area Operations

34. Runway incursions • Never taxi onto any runway without first looking for landing traffic. • Always monitor the CTAF and/or the appropriate ATC frequencies while operating on the surface of an airport.

35. Right-of-way rules • General – see and avoid • In distress – has the right of way above all • Converging – the aircraft to the right or the least maneuverable (glider, balloon, airship) or an aircraft towing another aircraft. • Head-on – each alters to the right • Overtaking – the aircraft being overtaken, the overtaking aircraft alters course to the right. • Landing – aircraft on final, or the lower aircraft.

36. Use of lighting during taxi andtraffic pattern operations • Engine running - beacon • Taxiing – navigation, position, anti-collision • Crossing runway – all exterior lights • Taxi to takeoff – all lights that silhouette • Takeoff – landing light on when cleared • Day or night – landing light should be left on until well clear of the pattern and turned on well before reaching the pattern.

37. Collision avoidance • Look outside the aircraft • Use the radio to announce intentions • Determine relative altitude of other aircrafts. • Take appropriate action – (right-of-way) • Multiple threats – climb, descend, turn • Collision course – appear to not be moving • High hazard areas – airports, VORs • Cockpit management – proper flight planning • ATC support – request flight following

38. Scanning for traffic Eyes can observe an approximate 200 degree arc at a glance but only a small part of the eye can focus in on a point. • Use a series of short, regularly spaced eye movements, 10 degrees at a time for 1 minute each. • Use the whole scanning area even behind each wing

39. Traffic pattern operations

40. Practice area operations • Review practice area • Clearing turns • Look for traffic • Maintain a safe altitude

41. Aerodynamics • 4 Forces of Flight • Angle of Attack • Airframe (Components) • Three Axes of Flight • Forces Acting on a Climbing Aircraft • Forces Acting on a Descending Aircraft • Forces Acting on a Turning Aircraft • Effects of Flaps • Critical Angle of Attack/Stalls • Spin Awareness

42. 4 forces of flight

43. Lift • Supporting force for flight in an atmosphere • Acts perpendicular to the relative wind • Generated through Bernoulli’s Principle and Newton’s Law

44. Bernoulli ‘s Principle • As a fluid passes through a pipe that narrows or widens, the velocity and pressure of the fluid vary. As the pipe narrows, the fluid flows more quickly. Surprisingly, Bernoulli's Principle tells us that as the fluid flows more quickly through the narrow sections, the pressure actually decreases rather than increases! http://mitchellscience.com/bernoulli_principle_animation

45. Newton’s 1st Law

46. Newton 2nd law

47. Newton’s 3rd law

48. Newton’s 3rd law

49. Parts of an airfoil

50. Thrust • Considered to act parallel and just about on the longitudinal axis • Produced by movement of the air by propeller or the expansion of air in a turbine