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Nutrition

027. Nutrition. Nutrition. Obesity Heart disease & Arteriolosclerosis Diabetes Genetically modified foods Artificial sweeteners Diets. What is a Nutrient?. What are nutrients? Essential substances that your body needs in order to grow and stay healthy. Nutrients.

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Nutrition

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  1. 027 Nutrition

  2. Nutrition • Obesity • Heart disease & Arteriolosclerosis • Diabetes • Genetically modified foods • Artificial sweeteners • Diets

  3. What is a Nutrient? What are nutrients? • Essential substances that your body needs in order to grow and stay healthy

  4. Nutrients • Some provide energy. • All help build cells and tissues, regulate bodily processes such as breathing. • No single food supplies all the nutrients the body needs to function.

  5. Nutrients in the Human Diet Six categories of nutrients: • Macronutrients • Water • Amino Acids and Proteins • Lipids • Carbohydrates • Micronutrients • Vitamins • Minerals

  6. Calories What is a calorie? The energy obtained from carbohydrates, proteins, and fats is measured in units called calories.

  7. Healthy Diets Require: • Water • Carbs, Proteins, Lipids, Amino Acids • Vitamins: • - water-soluble (thiamine, riboflavin, folic acid) • - fat-soluble (Vitamin A, D, E, K) • Minerals (Fe, Ca, P, Na, K)

  8. The Food Pyramid

  9. Water • Solvent in which the chemistry of life occurs • cell chemistry occurs in an aqueous medium • water carries essential nutrients to cells • water carries metabolic wastes away from cells • hydrolysis & dehydration reaction • stabilizes body temp

  10. Carbohydrates • Energy Metabolism • catabolism of glucose during cellular respiration yields ATP for energy-requiring activities • glucose stored as glycogen in the liver and muscle cell fibers

  11. Carbohydrates • Dietary Fiber • water-insoluble fiber adds bulk to fecal matter facilitating its passage through and elimination from the digestive system • water-soluble fiber may absorb dietary cholesterol, reducing its absorption by the digestion tract

  12. Wheat Seed

  13. Lipids • Triglycerides (Fats) • energy storage molecules • protect and cushion delicate body organs • source of the raw materials for the construction of phospholipids • unsaturated versus saturated fats

  14. Lipids • Saturated Fats • Solid at RT • Milk, cheese, meat • Not good for you • Unsaturated Fats • Liquid at RT • Distorted double bounds • Canola, olive, peanut oil • Better choice

  15. Lipids • Steroids (e.g., cholesterol) • precursor molecules for steroid hormones, vitamin D, bile salts • fundamental component of plasma membranes (influence membrane fluidity) • HDL-cholesterol versus LDL-cholesterol

  16. Atherosclerosis diseased normal

  17. Your Cholesterol Level • Cholesterol: <175 mg/dl • Triglycerides: blood fats, 30-175 mg/dl • HDL: Good cholesterol, > 35 mg/dl • LDL: Bad Cholesterol, <130 mg/dl • Chol/HDL ratio: < 4.5 indicates heart disease

  18. Lowering Your Cholesterol Level • Eat healthy • Exercise • Lose wt. • Quit smoking • 1 glass of wine or beer • Medications (Lipitor)

  19. Proteins • Enzymes • Structural proteins (shape and form of cells and tissues) • Hormones • Immunoglobulins (antibodies)

  20. Essential Amino Acids • Tryptophan • Methionine • Valine • Threonine • Phenylalanine • Leucine • Isoleucine • Lysine • Histidine • (infants)

  21. Complete ProteinsVersusIncomplete Proteins

  22. Vegetarian diet may result in protein deficiency • Need essential amino acids • beans  lysine • corn  the methionine

  23. Vitamins • Organic compounds needed by the body in small, but essential amounts • Cannot be synthesized by the body in sufficient amounts • Function in a variety of ways in metabolic reactions • Thirteen known vitamins

  24. Water-Soluble VitaminsvsWater-Insoluble Vitamins

  25. Water-Soluble Vitamins C (ascorbic acid) B1 (thiamin) B2 (riboflavin) Niacin B6 (pyridoxine) Pantothenic acid Biotin B12 (cyanocobalamin) Folic acid

  26. Water-Insoluble Vitamins A (retinol) D E K

  27. Minerals • Essential inorganic elements • Involved in a variety of metabolic processes • Major minerals versus trace minerals

  28. Major Minerals Calcium Phosphorus Magnesium Sodium Potassium Chlorine

  29. Trace Minerals Iron Iodine Fluoride Zinc Copper Manganese Cobalt Selenium Chromium

  30. Malnourishment • An animal whose diet is missing one or more essential nutrients. Giraffe eats bone to get phosphorus nutrient Giraffe eats bone to get phosphorus nutrient

  31. Malnourishment • Impaired cognitive development • Won’t attain full height • More susceptible to disease and infection

  32. Diabetes Epidemic • Approximately 24 million people in the US have diabetes (10%) • Another 16 million have a condition now known as prediabetes

  33. Diabetes in Hawaii Race: Native Hawaiians, Filipinos, Japanese, and Pacific Islanders Population: 100,000 with diabetes and 25,000 unreported Trend: by 2050 years 33% will have Type II

  34. Homeostasis via Negative Feedback Blood Sugar Levels

  35. Traditional Food in Hawaii vs

  36. Diabetes Mellitus

  37. Type I Diabeteshyposecretion of insulin insulin dependant juvenile onsetType II Diabeteslate onset (adult) insensitivity of cells to insulin manage by exercise & diet

  38. Symptoms (Type I): • sugar in blood and urine • urinate too often and produce too much urine • Too thirsty • Too hungry

  39. Complications • Arteriosclerosis • Cardiovascular problems • Heart disease • Stroke • High blood pressure • Gangrene • Blindness • Kidney damage

  40. Treatment: • Insulin replacement • Pancreas transplant • Pancreatic cell transplant • Fetal pancreatic islet cell transplant

  41. Cost $$$$ • 2010: U.S. spends $170 Billion Annually • Per Person: • Individuals with diabetes: • $13,243/year • Individuals without diabetes: • $2,560/year

  42. Recommended goals Glycemic control – A1C <7.0% – Fasting BS 80-110mg/dl – Non-fasting <180mg/dl Blood Pressure <130/80 Lipids – LDL Cholesterol <100mg/dl – Triglycerides <150mg/dl – HDL Cholesterol >40mg/dl

  43. Obesity may be gene related • Leptin •  leptin levels  appetite • loss of body fat  leptin levels and  appetite and wt gain • potential medications for obesity

  44. Obesity

  45. Obesity • Here are the top 5 obese countries: • United States (34% of adults were overweight in 2008) • Mexico (30% in 2006) • New Zealand (27% in 2007) • Australia (25% in 2007) • United Kingdom (25% in 2008) Lowest: Japan & Korea 3.2%

  46. Genetically Modified Foods • Experts say 60% to 70% of processed foods on U.S. grocery shelves have genetically modified ingredients. • Common GM crops: • Soybeans • Corn • Cotton

  47. Genetically Modified Foods Cons • Introducing allergens and toxins to food • Accidental cross pollination • Antibiotic resistance • Creation of "super" weeds and other environmental risks

  48. Genetically Modified Foods Pros • Increased pest and disease resistance • Grow food in harsh climate • Increased food supply (more food/acre) • More nutritional value • Make drugs Ring spot virus

  49. Artificial Sweeteners • Reduced calories • Reduce tooth decay • Diabetes • Lower cost

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