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World History: The Earth and its Peoples

World History: The Earth and its Peoples. Chapter 17 The Diversity of American Colonial Societies, 1530-1770. Objectives.

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World History: The Earth and its Peoples

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  1. World History:The Earth and its Peoples Chapter 17 The Diversity of American Colonial Societies, 1530-1770

  2. Objectives • Understand and be able to illustrate with concrete examples the ways in which the exchange of peoples, plants, animals, and diseases led to environmental, cultural, and economic changes in the Old World and particularly the New World. • Be able to make a comparative analysis of the economies and labor systems of the Portuguese, Spanish, French, and English colonies. • Be able to explain the causes and long-term implications of the different social structures and political institutions of the Spanish and the English colonies. • Understand the ways in which eighteenth century economic growth and political reform in the Spanish, Portuguese, and English colonies undermined relations between the colonial powers and their American colonists.

  3. European Influence in the Americas Themes 1) Amerindian adaptation 2) End of Amerindian isolation 3) Complexity of colonial society Columbian Exchange • Disease • smallpox and yellow fever • syphilis • very high death rates • conservative vs liberal estimates • Plants • maize, potatoes, manioc • growth of European population • beans, squash, tomatoes

  4. Columbian Exchange

  5. European Influence in the Americas Columbian Exchange • Animals • cattle, pigs, sheep • natural predators • negative effects • positive effects • horses • efficiency of hunters • military capacity Spanish America and Brazil • Spain • Caribbean, Mexico, C. America, Andean highlands, Rio de la Plata • Portugal • Brazilian coastline

  6. Amerindian Influence in Colonial Society Amerindian Impact • marriage • alliances • colonial courts • religious beliefs • agricultural techniques Government • Council of the Indies - 1524 • government, church, commercial control to Spain • distance • Viceroyalty of New Spain-1535 • Mexico, C. America, Caribbean • Viceroyalty of Peru - 1540 • S. America

  7. Spanish Administration • Portugal • lacked mineral wealth or empire • Capital at Salvador - 1549 • 1st viceroy - 1720 Church • Catholic Church • primary agent for European culture • conversion ‘obligation’ • superficial • torture and eradication • Bartolome de Las Casas • Dominican Order • native advocate • New Laws of 1542 • richest institution

  8. Colonial Economy Spain • silver mines - Mexico & Peru • Potosi - (1545-1680) • labor / environment Portugal • sugar - Brazil (1550s) • slave labor • interior raids / Africa • Labor • encomienda • forced labor or tribute • free-wage laborers • mita • Trade • monopoly commerce • convoy systems

  9. Colonial Society Society • Hidalgos • encomenderos • church and government • creoles • agriculture / mining • ‘Indians’ • blending of classes • black population • declined with slavery • sabotage, malingering, rebellion, running away • manumission • castas • mestizos • mulattoes

  10. Colonial Comparisons Commonalities • riches, diplomacy / violence, slaves Differences • later, less govt, more private England • early failures • 1583 Newfoundland • 1587 Roanoke • Virginia Company • Jamestown - 1607 • 80% casualty rate • furs, timber, tobacco

  11. English Southern Colonies Virginia Colony Labor • indentured servants • 80% of settlers • slaves - 1660 • cost ratio issue Virginia Colony Govt. - 1660 • Governor • council • House of Burgesses Fur Trade Effect • provision of furs and deerskins • dependency on European goods • natural balance • hunting / agriculture disrupted

  12. English Southern Colonies Carolinas • Caribbean and Brazilian models • rice and indigo • black majority • Stono Rebellion - 1739 New England • Protestant Dissenters • Pilgrims • 1620 Plymouth Colony • ‘breakers’ • Puritans • 1630 Mass. Bay Colony • ‘purify’ • abolish hierarchy • family-oriented

  13. Middle Atlantic Colonies New Netherland • Manhattan Island - (1624-1664) • Dutch West Indies Co. • Iroquois Confederacy • trading alliance • New York • James - Duke of York • shipping center • diverse population Pennsylvania • Quakers • proprietary colony • William Penn • economic prosperity

  14. French America Purpose • conversion • resource extraction • Jacques Cartier - 1524-42 • Newfoundland / St. Lawrence • Samuel de Champlain • New France (Quebec) - 1608 • Iroquois • coureurs de bois • ‘runners of the woods’ • furs, firearms, metal tools • Jesuits French and Indian War (1756-63) • Canada and Louisiana

  15. Colonial Conflict Late 17th Century • political and economic controls • cost of administration / defense • Spain • shift in economic focus • blame on failures to Crown • Creole disaffection • Tupac Amaru II • Amerindian rebellion - 1780 • mita / tribute obligations • England • Navigation Acts - 1651 & 1673 • limit colonial competition • replacing of charters • NY / Mass ‘revolts’

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