FISHING

1. FISHING

2. Key Terms • Pelagic fish: such as salmon and tuna that live and feed in the open ocean. • Ground fish: such as cod and sole that live and feed near the bottom of the sea. • Shellfish: mollusks and crustaceans such as oysters, shrimp, and lobsters • Balance of trade: difference between value of exports and value of imports.

3. Key Terms • Surplus: if imports exceed exports, there is a trade deficit. • Continental shelf: gently sloping outer edge of a continent, that extends below the surface of the ocean to a max. depth of about 200m. • Fishing banks: shallow area on the continent shelf that provides a feeding and spawning ground for fish. • Plankton: microscopic plants and animals eaten by small fish and shellfish.

4. Key Terms • Inshore fish: commercial fishing that takes place within a few km’s of shore. Small boats go to sea and return each day. • Offshore fishery: uses boats longer than 25m. They stay at sea for several days before returning. • Sustained Yield Management: using a renewable resource at a rate that allows it to renew itself.

5. Ocean fishing is Canada’s oldest industry.

6. Ocean Fishing • The three different kinds of ocean fish • Groundfish - fish that are bottom feeders • Pelagic fish - fish that freely feed in open water • Shellfish – ekto-skeletal

7. Commercial Fishing • Commercial fishing occurs in three areas: • East Coast • West Coast • Freshwater - inland lakes

8. The East Coast Fishery • The East Coastal waters of Canada were the world’s greatest fishing grounds because... • The Atlantic Ocean has a wide continental shelf, and… • The shelf has a shallow area, called “fishing banks”.

9. The East Coast Fishery • Two types of fishing… • Inshore: mostly along the shoreline and where small boats may only be gone for a few hours. • Offshore: Fishing done in open water, using larger boats, and that stay at sea for many days.

10. East Coast Fishery Collapse • Fishing in the East Coast became a lifestyle for many. • Some did fish for recreational purposes, but most fished to earn a living.

11. The Collapse Of Fishery There are five major reasons that people have suggested as the reasons for the collapse: • Overfishing • Improved Fishing Technology • Uncontrolled Foreign Fishing • Destructive Fishing Practices • Changes In Natural Conditions

12. Overfishing The catch allowed by the government each year, was apparently set too high. They believe the scientists overestimated the number of fish maturing each year, and more adult fish were caught then was considered acceptable.

13. Improved Fishing Technology • Technological developments, like satellite navigation systems, etc. helped fishers find schools of fish faster and more precisely..

14. Uncontrolled Foreign Fishing • Countries such as Russia and Japan were catching far more fish than would normally be allowed. • Some countries have tried to reduce overfishing by limiting the size of the catch or restricting the amount of time boats spend on the water.

15. Destructive Fishing Practices • When people were trying to catch one specific kind of fish, they often caught other kinds.

16. Changes In Natural Conditions • Most people have held responsible the change in natural conditions for the fall of the fishing industry.

17. Changes in Natural Conditions Two specific changes have been recognized: 1) Water temperatures have dropped. • The fish may have to change their migration routes to avoid these areas where these changes have occurred.

18. 2) Some people suggested that the refuse of the sealing industry in the late 1970s caused a raise in the seal population. • This reduced groundfish populations because the seals ate large amounts of small fish called caplin, which is a major source for cod. • Seals may also be eating large quantities of cod.

19. The West Coast Fishery • Even though salmon is found on both coasts, the West Coast catch is 400 times bigger than the East Coast catch.

20. The Collapse of the West Coast Fishery • The failure of the fish-management system in the Atlantic fishery caused scientists and politicians to re-evaluate the handling of the West Coast fishery.

21. Collapse of the West Coast Fishery • There are many possible reasons for the collapse of the West Coast salmon fishery such as: • Overfishing • Changes in the environment • Lack of a salmon fishing treaty

22. Overfishing • During 1990s, Canadian and American were catching over 800,00 tonnes of fish per year . • The salmon stocks could not survive the massive yearly catch, which means that very few adult fish were able to reach the spawning rivers.

23. Changes in the Environment • Global warming appears to be effecting the temperature in the Pacific oceans, this could threaten the salmon’s habitat.

24. Lack of a Salmon Fishing Treaty • A long debate between the United States and Canada concerning where salmon may be caught and how much may be taken in by each country. .

25. Challenges to the West Coast Fishery • As the supply of salmon decreases, there is a difficulty of balancing a limited supply of fish with a growing demand.

26. Challenges to the West Coast Fishery • There are three competing demands for salmon in British Columbia. • Commercial fishing • Sport fishing • Fishing by First Nations

27. Commercial Fishing • The demand for salmon by the Aboriginal people is growing for two reasons: • a Supreme Court decision in 1990 • The right to fish commercially is a focus of many First Nations land claims in B.C.

28. Sport Fishing • Wanting a larger share of the available salmon. • Salmon caught be recreational fishers are worth more than that of which you would catch commercially. • About 4 million people in Canada fish for sport every year.

29. Sport Fishing…continued. • On average sport fishers spend 6.7 billion all together on things like boats, fishing equipment, accommodation, meals, guides, and licenses. • About half the sport fishing by Canadians and about 2/3 of that by visitors is done in Ontario.

30. Freshwater Fishery • Canada’s freshwater fisheries are located in the great lakes, as well as about 600 or so smaller lakes. • The major fish caught from these lakes are whitefish, perch, pickerel, and trout.

31. Changes must be made to ensure the health of both fisheries, because they provide employment and are a part of our heritage.

32. Questions 1) What are the three categories of fish? A) Salmon, Goldfish, Mollusks B) Sharks, Shellfish, Lobster C) Pollack, Redfish, Oyster D) Groundfish, Pelagic, Shellfish

33. 2) What is the most important catch of the West Coast? A) Salmon B) Lobster C) Plankton D) Sockeye

34. 3) What are Canada’s three types of fisheries? A) North Coast, Ocean Water, South Coast B) Freshwater, East Coast, West Coast C) North Coast, South Coast, Freshwater D) West Coast, Ocean Water, East Coast

35. 4) What percentage of Canada’s catch is exported? A) 66% B) More than 50% C) Less than 30% D) 91%

36. Farming

37. Renewable Resource: Growing season: Intensive farming: A resource that replaces itself. Period which crops can grow. Large amount of labour on a small farm. Key Terms

38. Extensive farming: Mechanization: Land Capability: Small amount of labor on a large farm. When machinery takes over the work of humans. Ability of land to be used for a certain purpose. Key Terms

39. Agribusiness: Vertical integration: Agriculture business. Ex. distributing food. When a company owns every process required to produce its product. Key Terms

40. Non- renewable resource: Sustainable agriculture: A resource that can only be used once. Approach to agriculture production without harming the environment. Key Terms

41. Facts • Farming requires… • Great skill and effort. • Enough money to purchase property and equipment. • Luck, in terms of weather and market conditions.

42. More Facts • Agriculture and fish industries contribute more than 8% of Canada's GDP. • Canadians rely on farmers to produce food that’s inexpensive. • Canadians spend 11% of income on food.

43. Land: The Basic Resource • Land can be a renewable resource, and support new crops year after year. • But could also be classified as a non-renewable resource, because of the limited amount that is available.

44. Seven Classes of Land Class 1: Deep soils, excellent for farming. Takes up 0.5% of land.

45. Class 2: Very good farmland. Takes up 1.8% of land.

46. Class 3: Good farmland but has some climatic limitations. Takes up 2.7% of land.

47. Class 4:Land is at the “break-even” point because of short growing season and poor soil conditions. Takes up 2.7% of land.

48. Class 5: Has serious limitations for agriculture. Land is used for grazing or producing hay. Takes up 3.7% of land.

49. Class 6: More severe limitations for agriculture. Land used for rough grazing. Takes up 1.8% of land.

50. Class 7: Has no capability for farming. Takes up 86.8% of land.