Capitalism / Free-Enterprise/ market economy

1. Capitalism / Free-Enterprise/ market economy • People are free to produce and consume what they wish. • The goal is to make a profit by selling goods and services. • Limited government interference. • Usually have access to the most products. • The market determines prices by supply and demand for products. • US is often called market economy

2. Absolute Monarchy • oldest form of government. • Very similar to a dictatorship. • Single ruler • not bound by laws. • Often given the position by “Divine Right” (God said so). • Usually hereditary (from father to first born son). • Citizens do not vote and are not involved in the political process.

3. Free Trade • the absence of trade barriers. • Some groups • EU – European Union • NAFTA - North American Free Trade Agreement • Lowered trade restrictions and increase economic cooperation.

4. Subsistence Agriculture • growing just enough food for yourself and family. • Found in traditional economies customs • how people usually live lives (traditions) – how society is set up.

5. constitutional monarchy • 1 person heredity ruler shares government with elected legislatures. • Usually the ruler has very little power, but is the “face” of the country. • The legislatures usually make the laws and the monarch agrees to them.

6. culture • The way of life of a group of people that share beliefs and similar customs. Usually share language, religion, land use, and customs cultural diffusion • Spread of ideas (religion, language, democracy), goods (food, inventions, machines) and culture traits.

7. pandemic • Epidemic over a wide geographic area and affecting a large proportion of the population Examples – the bubonic plague, H1N1, AIDS in Africa republic • a form of democracy where the voters elect all major officials. Officials are responsible to the people.

8. totalitarian dictatorship / dictatorship • One person makes all political and economic decisions. • Usually control the media & military. • Leader not bound by law and people have no rights. • There is no voting, and people are not involved in the political process. • Citizens are forced to show support to the leader. • Leader is not responsible to the people.

9. socialism • Government owns the large industries (mines, factories, airlines, railroads, hospitals, banks, power companies) • there are also privately owned businesses (shops, small manufacturers) that do not compete with the government. • Usually health care, education, housing, and transportation are funded from the government (taxes).

10. globalization • Global network of communications, free trade barriers, and lower shipping costs, people, resources, and products can now flow easily across national borders creating a global market. • Problems – loss of local culture, more pollution, and risk of pandemics

11. cultural convergence • When two cultures meet and ideas and goods spread from one culture to the other – mixing. Examples – US fast food around the world, US “pop” music worldwide, the use of chop sticks in other parts of the world, and similar standards of living in Europe from EU.

12. traditional economies • customs and traditions determine the rules for economic activity. • Life is the same as it has been for generations. • Usually subsistence agriculture. • No country has this as main economy, but many Native cultures still practice this form of economy where they live together (Inuit, Native American reservations, Aborigines, Rainforest cultures).

13. culture region • common CULTURAL characteristic. • Usually share language, history, religion, standard of living • US & Canada – language (English), form of gov. (democracy) • Middle East & North Africa – religion (Islam), language (Arabic) • Latin America – religion (Roman Catholic), language (Spanish) • Sub-Saharan Africa – religion (Animism & Christianity), history (colonialism), standard of living (low) • Europe – System of Government (Democracy), Standard of Living (high) • East Asia – Chinese influenced language & writing, history

14. democracy • leaders rule with the approval of the citizens. • People hold the power and make decisions through the voting box. • Most freedom in this form of government. • Usually a constitution with set rules for government.

15. command /communism / Marxism • The government owns the means of production (natural resources, land, and factories) • Gov. in charge of distribution of goods. • Gov. controls all economic decisions. • Central planners (ministers) make and carry out these decisions. • People sacrifice to try to reach a classless society (Marxism). • Focus of gov. is on heavy industry (iron, steel, power) not consumer goods.

16. cultural divergence • when two culture meet and there are restrictions on a culture from the influence of the other. • Censorship is used to keep ideas out. • Transportation into and out of the country is restricted. • Might happen when cultures split apart or countries break up • Ex. Not making a student learn a second language.

17. institution • organizations developed to make social roles clear and to take care of social needs. Examples - Family, government, school religion, hospitals theocracy • religious figure (or group) holds the power. Religious law, repression, and censorship.

18. Columbian Exchange • transfer of products, ideas, diseases, and commodities between the Americas (New World) and Europe & Africa (Old World) after Columbus. • Great economic growth for European powers. • Destroyed native cultures.

19. Movable type / Johann Gutenberg • 1450 – allowed books and pamphlets to be printed cheaply. • News and ideas spread more quickly. • Helped launch the Protestant Reformation Desalination • helps make fresh drinking water available in areas with salt water. Allows people to adapt to less hospitable areas.

20. Air Conditioning • allows people to live comfortably in hot, humid areas. Major shift in population in the US to warmer South and West. Astrolabe • calculated latitude based on the sun above the horizon – greatly improved navigation and spurred European exploration

21. Compass • made European exploration of the oceans possible Iron tools / Hittites • tools were stronger and made them more powerful until the other societies also learned how to make iron tools.

22. How have medical advancements improved lives? Healthier workers, longer lives, lower infant mortality In more recent years how have advancements in telecommunications changed society? Societies have become more interdependent. Companies are not as dependant on location.

23. sustainable development • Growth and development without destroying the area for future generations. • Use renewable energy sources • recycle, reuse, reduce • fish & hunt only adult fish / animal populations • Replant • eat less meat • energy efficient homes. • Use less fossil fuels to reduce pollution.

24. What is the difference between absolute and constitutional monarchies? • Absolute monarchs are similar to dictators One ruler, not bound by law, people have no rights, position is usually hereditary. Constitutional – usually head of state, but little power. Power is in the hands of the elected officials – the parliament.

25. Describe the population distribution of the US – • coastal areas are densely populated. NE is very heavily populated. Mountain and desert areas are sparsely populated. Great Plains are sparsely populated. Urbanization….. many large cities located on transportation routes.

26. What processes lead to cultural diffusion (5 ways)? • war / conflict • technological innovation • Migration • cultural diffusion • trade.

27. What is the difference between a representative and direct democracy? • In a direct democracy people vote for every single thing – this would not work for a country – too many decisions to make. So, people elect representatives to vote for them.

28. What is the difference between population density and distribution? • Density is the actual number of people per square mile. It does not take into consideration where there are few people or lots of people. Distribution – less people (sparsely populated) – desert, cold, rainforest, and steppe. More people (densely populated) – river valleys, plains. Physical geography influences human development.

29. How has American culture influenced societies around the world? • US food – KFC, McDonalds, etc. • Sports – baseball, basketball, & American football • Clothing – teen music culture • democracy • have diffused to far away places.

30. Define and explain barriers to trade • Tariff – a tax on imports • embargo – ban on all trade with a country • quota – a number limit on imports.

31. How does rural and urban culture differ? • Rural is usually more traditional than urban. They are not as involved in the political process, and are usually more religious.

32. What is the difference between cultural convergence and cultural divergence? • In cultural convergence two cultures meet and both cultures pick up parts from each other. In divergence, culture is not permitted to mix.