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Ancient Civilizations: Three Stages of Human Development and the Invention of Agriculture

Explore the three stages of human development - Paleolithic, Mesolithic, and Neolithic - and learn how agriculture was invented in ancient civilizations. Discover the importance of the Fertile Crescent and explore the cultures of Mesopotamia and the Nile Valley.

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Ancient Civilizations: Three Stages of Human Development and the Invention of Agriculture

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  1. ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS

  2. TERMS AND IDEAS FROM THE WHITEBOARD • Your notes should contain the following terms and ideas that I wrote on the whiteboard (because I haven’t made PowerPoint slides yet): • Three Stages of Human Development • Paleolithic – Old Stone Age; crudely-shaped stones • Mesolithic – Middle Stone Age; bow and arrow, throwing sticks • But something has to happen to go to the next stage… • Neolithic • Hunter/gatherers • Men hunt, provide less food, but do other important things • Women gather, provide most of the food • Plains Indians • Lakota Sioux, Cheyenne • Hunter/gatherers on the North American steppe (Great Plains) • Rely on the bison for everything before Europeans arrived • Nomadic • Everything must be portable • tipi – bison hides and lodge poles • travois – frame for pulling belongings; dogs can pull or make a fine meal • Bison extremely hard to hunt and kill without horses or guns • As a result, food was not abundant (so gorge yourself on the kills you make like a pride of lions) • Women less healthy, children at risk of dying in their first year (high infant mortality rate) • High mortality hate kept their population’s growth stable • Low population numbers baffled Europeans • The arrival of horses and guns vastly increased their potential to kill more bison and competing tribes • Juicy-Berry Bush Story • Women invent agriculture • Men take the credit later • Agricultural is Invented! • Dealing with a surplus of food for the first time • You can’t carry much, but it’s OK because now you’re staying in one place • Need to protect surplus from roving hunter/gatherers; the cave just won’t do • Continues

  3. Continued • Being fresh out of Tupperware, you have to invent something to store the surplus in • Pottery • Inventing pottery thrusts you into the Neolithic: New Stone Age • Pottery shards can tell us when people invented agriculture • (The story picked up on PowerPoint) • Fertile Crescent • Great mix of biomes • Good place to invent agriculture • Being sedentary allows you to refine your culture • Art • Religion • Populations rise • Agricultural villages to store and protect the surplus • Çatalhöyük and Jericho • Unfortunately, the Fertile Crescent hill country is great for inventing agriculture, but not for expanding it • Where was there good, flat soil and water to work with? • Mesopotamia

  4. Agricultural Hearth

  5. FERTILE CRESCENT

  6. FERTILE CRESCENT Çatalhöyük Jericho D. Hardin

  7. FERTILE CRESCENT wheat Plant domestication Small grains wild grasses D. Hardin

  8. FERTILE CRESCENT Plant domestication Small grains wheat barley rye oats D. Hardin

  9. FERTILE CRESCENT Plant domestication Small grains matza couscous orzo pita D. Hardin

  10. FERTILE CRESCENT chickpea pea lentil carrot cabbage turnip radish garlic lettuce onion Plant domestication Vegetables D. Hardin

  11. FERTILE CRESCENT hookah Plant domestication Opium Opium poppy raw opium D. Hardin

  12. FERTILE CRESCENT Plant domestication Opium Afghanistan D. Hardin

  13. FERTILE CRESCENT Animal domestication Cattle Auroch D. Hardin

  14. FERTILE CRESCENT Theseus slays the Minotaur “Grab the bull by the horns” Egypt Spain Hathor Animal domestication Bull as fertility symbol Minoan civilization D. Hardin

  15. FERTILE CRESCENT Paschal lamb “Lamb of God” “Good Shepherd” Animal domestication Sheep D. Hardin

  16. FERTILE CRESCENT Animal domestication Goat D. Hardin

  17. FERTILE CRESCENT dromedary bactrian Animal domestication Camel D. Hardin

  18. FERTILE CRESCENT Neolithic Period Jericho 10000-9000 BCE - present D. Hardin

  19. FERTILE CRESCENT Neolithic Period Çatalhöyük 7500 BCE to 5700 BCE D. Hardin

  20. FERTILE CRESCENT Çatalhöyük Jericho D. Hardin

  21. MESO POTAMIA Tigris Euphrates D. Hardin

  22. MESOPOTAMIA Ur ziggurat D. Hardin

  23. MESOPOTAMIA Babylon Hanging Gardens Ishtar Gate D. Hardin

  24. MESOPOTAMIA D. Hardin

  25. MESOPOTAMIA Epic of Gilgamesh Hammurabi’s Code D. Hardin

  26. BIOMES Riparian oasis Nile River D. Hardin

  27. BIOMES Hapi Riparian oasis Nile River D. Hardin

  28. BIOMES Riparian oasis Nile River D. Hardin

  29. BIOMES Riparian oasis Nile River Aswan High Dam D. Hardin

  30. BIOMES Riparian oasis Nile River D. Hardin

  31. BIOMES Riparian oasis Nile River D. Hardin

  32. BIOMES Riparian oasis Nile River Abu Simbel D. Hardin

  33. BIOMES Riparian oasis Nile River Abu Simbel D. Hardin

  34. NILE VALLEY Lower Egypt Giza view from plateau view to plateau D. Hardin

  35. NILE VALLEY Upper Egypt Luxor D. Hardin

  36. NILE VALLEY Upper Egypt Valley of the Kings Land of the Dead Land of the Living North D. Hardin

  37. NILE VALLEY Multi-Racial Society Hamitic Semitic Nubian Indo-European D. Hardin

  38. NILE VALLEY Cataracts D. Hardin

  39. NILE VALLEY Nubia D. Hardin

  40. NILE VALLEY Nubia Meroe D. Hardin

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