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Chapter 26 – The Reproductive System (part II)

Chapter 26 – The Reproductive System (part II). Female anatomy . Female gonads = ovaries Covered with tunica albugina Superficial covering of germinal epithelium – simple cuboidal . Ovarian follicles . Oocyte with surrounding cell layers Primordial follicle – single layer

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Chapter 26 – The Reproductive System (part II)

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  1. Chapter 26 – The Reproductive System (part II)

  2. Female anatomy • Female gonads = ovaries • Covered with tunica albugina • Superficial covering of germinal epithelium – simple cuboidal

  3. Ovarian follicles • Oocyte with surrounding cell layers • Primordial follicle – single layer • Primary follicle – 2 or more layers • Secondary follicle – antrum starts to form (fluid-filled cavity) • Vesicular/Graafian follicle – egg and some surrounding cells are released during ovulation • Remainder of layers form corpus luteum (“yellow body”) • Produces hormones that will keep pregnancy intact until the placenta is fully formed (takes about 3 months)

  4. Uterine tubes/Fallopian tubes • Approx 10 inches long • Infundibulum • Has fimbriae – fingerlike projections that sweep across ovarian surface to catch ovulated egg • Cilia propel egg along tube • Ampulla • Usual site of fertilization • Isthmus • Constricted region that enters the uterus

  5. Uterus • Shape of inverted pear • Body – main portion • Fundus – rounded area; superior to uterine tube entrance • Cervix • Superior opening – internal os; inferior opening – external os • Cervical canal produces mucus • Secretions become thinner at ovulation – allows sperm better entrance

  6. Uterine wall layers • Perimetrium – superficial • Serous layer • Myometrium • Smooth muscle • Endometrium • Mucosal lining of uterine cavity • Stratum functionalis – superficial • Changes during monthly cycle; shed during menstruation • Stratum basalis – deep • Forms new functional layer • Does not change in response to sex hormones

  7. Vagina • Approx 3-4 inches long • Has rugae, which allows for elongation • Passageway for birth, menstrual flow, penis insertion • Stratified squamous epithelium • Acidic due to normal flora • Teenagers are more alkaline – more prone to sexually transmitted diseases • Hymen • Perforated tissue partially covering vaginal opening

  8. External genitalia • Mons pubis • Hair-covered fat pad overlying pubic symphysis • Labia • Major – hair-covered; same embryonic tissue as scrotum • Minor – thinner; hair-free • Vestibule • Contains opening for vagina and urethra • Greater vestibular glands • Sides of vaginal opening • Mucus production for lubrication • Clitoris • Erectile tissue

  9. Mammary glands • Modified sweat glands for milk production • 15-25 lobes • Separated by fat and connective tissue • Divided into lobules, which contain alveoli – produces milk • Milk travels through lactiferous ducts to exit through nipple • Areola – pigmented area surrounding nipple • Mature structure doesn’t develop until 3rd trimester

  10. Female cycles • Ovarian cycle - maturation of egg • Uterine/menstral cycle – uterine lining prepares for implantation • Both cycles are ~28 days • Onset of puberty due to increase in female sex hormones and leptin from adipose • Menarche – 1st period • Usually ovulation does not occur until cycles are regular

  11. Ovarian cycle • Day 1 • FSH and LH from anterior pituitary stimulate follicle growth and estrogen secretion • Day 14 • Estrogen increase reaches critical levels – stimulates a surge of LH • Follicle completes meiosis I • Secondary follicle halts in meiosis II • Follicle ruptures – egg and surrounding tissue • Remainder forms corpus luteum • Produces progesterone and estrogen • Maintains uterine lining; inhibits FSH and LH

  12. Ovarian cycle cont • Day 26-28 • If fertilization has not occurred, decrease in LH levels cause degeneration of corpus luteum • Forms corpus albicans • FSH and LH is no longer inhibited

  13. Menstrual cycle • Lining is most receptive for implantation around Day 21 (week after ovulation) • Days 1-5 menstrual phase • Functional layer of endometrium sheds in response to low concentration of ovarian hormones • Tissue, mucus, blood • Days 6-14 proliferative phase • Increase of estrogen causes rebuilding of endometrium • Thickens – glands enlarge, spiral arteries more numerous • Estrogen causes increase in progesterone receptors • Day 14 – cervical mucus thins

  14. Menstrual cycle cont • Day 15-28 • Increase in progesterone from corpus luteum causes spiral arteries to elaborate • Glands enlarge and secrete glycogen • Nourishment for embryo • Cervical mucus thickens • If fertilization does not occur, corpus luteum degenerates • Decrease in progesterone causes breakdown of lining

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