Older churches and public buildings

1. Generational opportunities to improve their environmental performance Older churches and public buildings Brian Cuthbertson Head of Environmental Challenge, Diocese of London Presentation to Emmanuel URC Cambridge, Environment Expo, Thursday 6nd September 2012

2. The Church in London • The Diocese of London • 277 square miles of Greater London and Surrey North of the Thames, from Staines to the Isle of Dogs North to Enfield • It comprises • The Cities of London and Westminster, Boroughs of Brent, Harrow, Ealing, Hillingdon, Barnet, Camden, Enfield, Haringey, Hackney, Islington, Tower Hamlets, Hounslow, Kensington & Chelsea, Hammersmith & Fulham and Richmond-upon-Thames (part), and Spelthorne in Surrey • The Diocese has • 4 million people; 1.6 million homes 480 churches; 69,000 adult members 191 parishes in Urban Priority Areas 150 church schools with 47,000 pupils “Well over 70% of the population of our country claimed to be Christian … even in Greater London … there are 630,000 Christians worshipping every ordinary week in more than 4,000 churches.” Bishop of London

3. The Challenge • Climate change • Shrinking the Footprint www.london.anglican.org/Shrinking-the-Footprint • Reducing our CO2emissions • Down by at least 20.12% by 2012, 42% by 2020, 80% by 2050 • Carbon/environment sustainable when? “Shrinking the Footprint is the Church of England’s national ... campaign to enable its members and institutions to address – in faith, practice, and mission – the pressing issue of climate change. “It aims to challenge, encourage and support the whole body of the Church to shrink our environmental footprint to create ‘The 20% Church’ by ... sustainable reductions in ... carbon emissions to 20% of current levels by 2050.” www.ShrinkingTheFootprint.org

4. Energy and carbon • Coal, oil, gas, shale gas … nuclear?? • Energy sustainability, security, affordability • Emissions: direct and indirect • UK Parliament and Government • Sustainable Energy etc Acts 2003, 2004, 2006, 2008; Climate Change Act 2008; Sustainable Communities Act 2007 • Committee on Climate Change • Budgets, trading and offsetting? • Carbon capture and storage? • Renewables • Sun, wind, water, air, geo, bio, chemo; combined heat & power; hydrogen fuel cells? “The Climate Change Act sets up an innovation in the governance of carbon emissions ... it commits the government to establishing legally binding limits on carbon emissions, ... carbon budgets.” Lord Adair Turner, Chairman, CCC en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Parliament_(Monet)

5. Water and waste • Rain and drought • Flooding, lawns and patios • Church and churchyard, homes and gardens • Water conservation • Rainwater harvesting • Land fill – emissions, birds • Recycling, sorting/separation, ‘commingling’ • Food waste, packaging, carrier bags “The Thames region has lower water availability per person than Morocco, but Londoners consume … 18 litres per day more than the national average while some 600m litres a day are lost through leaks.” The Guardian, 29/08/08

6. Paper v IT • Paper • Felling of younger trees Processing, manufacture, distribution Printing and ink, wastage of surplus copies Surface mail distribution, storage Recycling, landfill • IT • 2% world carbon emissions (same as aviation – both are growing) Computers, smart phones, other gadgets Microprocessors in cars, appliances etc • Power and heat, data centres Ease of use – ‘out of sight, out of mind’ • Manufacture, distribution, decommissioning, disposal Speed of obsolescence, multiple units per person • Rare metals, health and safety “Environment pays the price for boom in laptops and mobiles.” Times Online, 19/04/09 http://thepirata.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/12/paper_engine05.jpg

7. Fauna and flora • Churchyards, trees, wildlife • Context • UK National Eco-system Assessment 2011 • Natural Environment White Paper • Biodiversity 2020 • Species and habitats • Conservation and biodiversity • Wild v controlled, nature v buildings? • Valuing nature • Public engagement • The environment in education • Management and enhancement “Green is the colour of the Holy Spirit, of life, procreation and resurrection.” Carl Jung Quoted from Joseph Campbell , ‘Creative Mythology’

8. Churchyards for London • Phase I: Churchyards Ecology Surveys • Professional surveys and report Sample of 20+ churchyards in Greater London Inner and outer London, large & small churchyards, gardens • Trees & flowers, birds & mammals, insects, lichens • Stakeholders • Dioceses of London, Southwark and Chelmford, Parishes NBN Gateway, GiGL, London Wildlife Trust Local Authorities, London Parks & Green Spaces Forum, Natural England Fundraising in progress • Phase II: • Churchyards for Communities • Churchyards and Heritage • Churchyards for Biodiversity “I lingered among them under that benign sky, watched the moths fluttering among the heath and harebells, ... and wondered how anyone could have imagined unquiet slumbers for the sleepers in that quiet earth.” Emily Brontë www.ayearfromoakcottage.com ‘Wuthering Heights’

9. Property and buildings • St Paul’s Cathedral • Parish churches and halls • Residential property • Parsonages Lettings • Commercial property • Church schools • Diocesan HQ • Management and maintenance • Use v investment, environment v profit “... Buildings produce nearly half of the UK’s carbon emissions.” www.campaigns.direct.gov.uk/epc/

10. Route 2050 • Scope • Churches and halls; offices; Cathedral; schools; residential • Churches and Halls • 480 churches; 69,000 electoral roll members 2005 - 83.8m kWh, 21.2K tonnes CO2e, 0.3 tonnes pp • Others • Cathedral, offices, houses – at least 13,000 tonnes London Diocesan Schools – 38,000 tonnes? • Outreach • Church members – 750,000 tonnes? • Strategy and targets • How far, how fast, logistics and funding “Implementing the Church of England policy on shrinking the environmental footprint and playing a full part in the debate on ecological matters.” London Challenge 2012 Google maps

11. Greenhouse gas sources • Church Direct Heating • Indirect Electricity generation • Fuel production and distribution • Water and waste disposal • Building materials and furnishings • Personal Direct Home heating • Car use • Public transport • Air travel • Other recreation • Indirect Electricity generation • Fuel production and distribution • Water and waste disposal • Home maintenance and improvements • Agriculture, food, transport • Clothes, consumer goods “… to accelerate the move to a low carbon economy by working … to reduce carbon emissions … ” The Carbon Trust

12. Recording and auditing • Recording useage • Parish annual returns • Environmental audits • Energy and carbon, water and waste, wildlife and biodiversity • Personal carbon footprints • Carbon footprint calculators www.carbonfootprint.com; www.travelfootprint.org “Unless we know where we are starting from, we cannot plan how best to reduce our impact.” www.shrinkingthefootprint.org

13. Meters and bills • Electricity • Units (energy: kWh) • Gas‘Units’ (volume: imperial/metric, 100s cu feet/1000s litres) Heat (British Thermal Units (BTUs), kWh) Conversion factors • OilLitres, kWh – how measure (deliveries/ tank levels) • WaterRates or bills? Cu metres (1 cu metre = 1000 Lr) • Bills and meters • Location and access Sub-meters, tenants • Logistics and responsibility: warden? treasurer? parish champion? “A warden with this cause makes drudgery divine; Who reads a meter for Thy sake saves energy and carbon combined.” Doggerel inspired by George Herbert www.britishgas.co.uk/your-read.html

14. Projects and plans • Climate Action Programme www.london.anglican.org/Shrinking-the-Footprint-Climate-Action-Programme • Environmental Audits, Generic Building Solutions, Energy-saving Benchmarking • Climate Action Plans www.london.anglican.org/Shrinking-the-Footprint-Climate-Action-Plans • Bespoke packages of benchmarks, savings plans, suppliers and tariffs, Carbon Retirement • Climate Action Projects www.london.anglican.org/Shrinking-the-Footprint-Climate-Action-Projects • Retrofitting of building and services upgrades • Climate Action Partnerships • Church, charitable, professional, funding energy sector, government “The Diocese of London has launched an innovative programme of action to meet its target of cutting the energy use of churches across the Capital by at least 20.12% by 2012 and 80% by 2050.” Diocesan website St Giles Cripplegate

15. Environmental Audits • 66 churches so far, beginning with Two Cities Area • Grants plus parish contributions • Purposes • CO2 reductions, 20.12% by 2012, help towards 80% by 2050 • Mitigation of broader environmental impact • Performance ratings • Total carbon footprint, tonnes CO2e per year • A to G for energy, carbon, water and waste • Reports also include • Advised improvements, feasible CO2 reductions Action lists, budget costs • Attractive, accessible, user-friendly www.london.anglican.org/Shrinking-the-Footprint-Environmental-Audits “This audit of the City Churches will not only benefit the City, it will also provide us with experience that we can develop for the whole diocese.” St Sepulchre Newgate Michael Bye, Director of Property

16. Generic Building Solutions • Scope • 480 churches, diverse range, often much altered Size, age, building type • Aims • Generic solutions to improve energy performance 42% CO2 reductions by 2020, 80% by 2050 Fabric, services, management, user behaviour • Methodology • Sample of twenty Selection and inspections Analysis • Outputs • Reports and guidance Workshops, 2011 – 2012 www.london.anglican.org/Shrinking-the-Footprint-Generic-Building-Solutions “Buildings ... are children of Earth and Sun.” Frank Lloyd Wright Holy Trinity Sloane Street

17. GB Sols report • Survey church rankings and analysis • Emissions, useage and intensity Gas and electricity Any correlation with age and type? • Management and behavioural changes • Motivation and awareness, energy management • Technological solutions • Space heating, lighting and controls, power, fans & pumps, catering • Building fabric improvements • Thermal insulation, glazing, air tightness • Low and zero carbon technologies • Photovoltaics, biomass boilers, heat pumps, combined heat and power, solar thermal water heating • Application of measuresSurvey churches, the Model Church, the whole estate listed building constraints St John Notting Hill

18. Energy-saving Benchmarking • Sharing the task • ‘Apples and oranges’ • Inputs • Energy use: electricity and fossil/solid fuels • Size, uses, occupancies • Outputs • Bands and grades – energy, carbon, overall efficiency Contribution so far Church-specific target “Most building owners and operators lack basic information about how their properties perform compared to peers or best practices. “Benchmarking to obtain this information is crucial as you make decisions about controlling energy use and costs.” Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory/Leah B Garris www.diablocrossfit.com

19. Low and zero cost savings • Light bulb types and suppliers • Main thermostat, zone/ radiator thermostats • Hot water temperatures • Boiler servicing • Urns and kettles • IT • Doors and draughts • Management and behaviour • Lettings “Find out how to cut utility costs and make your life greener in the process.” ‘Which’ www.argos.co.uk

20. Brighter Picture of Church Energy Use • Parish annual returns • 40% of churches in London Diocese Electricity, gas (and a few with oil) Annual totals, 2005 - 2010 • Consumption • Fell in 2006 and 2007, up 2008, 2009, very high 2010 • Highest to lowest: 2010, 2005, 2009, 2006, 2008, 2007 After weather adjustment: 2005, 2006, 2009, 2007, 2008, 2010 • Weather-adjusted efficiency • 17% improvement in energy efficiency 10.7% improvement in emissions • 83.9 m kWh, down to 69.6m kWh • 21,220 tonnes CO2e, down to 18,960 tonnes • Nuanced tips for management – see our report www.london.anglican.org/Shrinking-the-Footprint-News “We have good reason to persevere, saving energy, and costs, and carbon emissions too.” St Giles-in-the-Fields

21. Climate Action Projects • Retrofitting • Proposals from Audits or Generic Building Solutions • Procurement models • ‘Waterfall’/‘snowballs’? – pilots, then roll-out • ‘Horizontal’ or ‘vertical’ schemes • PAYS (Pay as you Save)? • Short, medium or long-term loans • Finance and security • ‘Climate Action Trust’? “The federal stimulus package and the city's ambitious ‘green building’ initiative should provide a jobs bonanza for ... HVAC specialists.” http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=retrofit-old-buildings-green-nyc

22. Low and zero carbon technologies • Renewables (low and zero carbon) • Solar photovoltaic cells, solar hot water • Wind turbines • Geothermal heat pumps • Biomass; biofuels; biogas (anaerobic digestion) • Combined (cooling) heat and power (C(C)HP) • Fuel cells; hydrogen power • Other new technologies • LED lighting • Voltage power optimisation • Intelligent heating controls • Advanced heat recovery “Renewable energy has enormous potential. It just needs to be developed as quickly and effectively as possible ... In the UK it is not being exploited on anything like the scale which is required.” Sir John Houghton

23. Solar panels • Climate change, energy security, public policy • Solar power – a proven technology • Photovoltaics (PV) and/or solar heat/ hot water • Church roofs, size and orientation Roof repairs and replacement • Listed and unlisted buildings • Appearance and historic character Visibility and quality • Planning permission?, DAC and faculties • Feed-in tariff 16p or 7.1p? EPCs or Benchmarking? Transition dates – 1st August, 1st November ... “Every energy economist I know acknowledges unreservedly that the cost of nuclear will continue to go up even as the cost of solar PV continues to come down. ” Jonathon Porritt St Mary Islington

24. Projects so far • 24 sites complete so far • Churches: St James Piccadilly, St John Brownswood Park, St Mary Islington, St Silas Pentonville, St Hilda Ashford, All Hallows Hampstead, St George Southall; • Church halls: St Mary Spring Grove, St Aldhelm Edmonton, St Michael Wood Green; • Hall and Vicarage: St John Wembley; 10 more parsonage houses • C of E Primary School: St Mary Finchley • Almshouses: St Mary Ealing • Innovative solutions • St Silas Pentonville, solar ‘slates’ All Hallows Hampstead, membrane (roof valley) • Priority lists • Churches and clergy houses Unlisted, not in conservation areas, south face towards rear www.london.anglican.org/Shrinking-the-Footprint-Solar-Panels “It could ... be a wonderful world ... Its architectural forms could be richer, more varied, and more fantastic than those of any of the utopian visions we have seen so far.” Vincent Scully, 1980 St Mary Spring Grove

25. Implementation • Planning, priorities, strategic choices 2010-2011 • Basic energy reduction and retrofitting • Verifying 2012 target achieved • Demo development schemes 2012-2015 • Benchmarking established diocese-wide • Spin-offs, parish programmes 2016-2020 • c 150 churches remodelled 2021-2032 • Remaining churches, say 300 2033-2050 “We all know that signing up to an 80% cut by 2050 is the easy part.  The hard part is meeting it, and meeting the milestones that will show we’re on track.” The Rt Hon Ed Miliband former Secretary of State for Energy & Climate Change ecx.images-amazon.com/images/I/41E620EXY1L._AA280_.jpg

26. Finance • Capital • Grants, green loans, Green Investment Bank, Trusts, the Green Deal • Revenue • Feed-in Tariffs, Renewable Heat Incentive, Pay as you save eg the Green Deal • Community energy schemes • VAT “The primary motive for a Christian church in ... upgrading buildings for improved energy efficiency and installing renewable energy generation should be to help care for God’s Creation. Stewardship of resources ... (is an) important consideration ... Financial viability may influence whether a scheme can go ahead, but so long as the capital can be raised and any repayments serviced reliably, yielding a return might well not be seen as the main incentive.” www.london.anglican.org/Shrinking-the-Footprint-Finance

27. Feed-in Tariffs • Solar PV, wind, hydro, anaerobic digestion, micro-CHP • Consultations and changes • Generation and export tariffs • Standard tariff, reduced/standalone tariff • Energy efficiency requirement and EPCs • Steps down by capacity • ‘Degressions’, max quarterly • Multiple installations • Index linking • Scheme lifetime “Through the use of FITs, DECC hopes to encourage deployment of additional small-scale (less than 5MW) low-carbon electricity generation, particularly by organisations, businesses, communities and individuals that have not traditionally engaged in the electricity market.” DECC website http://savingandmore.com

28. “... A complete solution...”? “The answer is ‘and’ … we need wind and we need solar and we need carbon capture and storage, and we need … policy change and we need a carbon tax, and we need all of these things … “In relation to the kind of fights between the solar industry and the wind industry and the wave industry … these debates are ill-formed because actually the answer is ‘and’ – we need … all of these things, and I think you can also expand that out, we also need behaviour change … “I see a huge amount of energy and innovation and very clever thinking in each of those areas. So I think we can get to a solution, a complete solution, but I think we have our work cut out on many fronts to do it.” Caroline Fiennes, Global Cool Foundation www.open2.net/creativeclimate/video_caroline_fiennes.html http://www.globalcool.org/

29. Web links • Shrinking the Footprint www.london.anglican.org/Shrinking-the-Footprint • News and events www.london.anglican.org/Shrinking-the-Footprint-News • God’s world for us to share www.london.anglican.org/Shrinking-the-Footprint-World • Route around the World www.london.anglican.org/Shrinking-the-Footprint-Route-World • Route 2050 www.london.anglican.org/Shrinking-the-Footprint-Route-2050 • What we can do www.london.anglican.org/Shrinking-the-Footprint-Action “We used to think that climate change was a problem for our grandchildren, then we found out it was a problem for our children, now we realise it is a problem for us.” The Rt Hon Joan Ruddock MP

30. Thanks for listening! Questions? Improving the environmental impact of buildings Brian Cuthbertson Head of Environmental Challenge, Diocese of London Brian.cuthbertson@london.anglican.org (020) 7932 1229