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Colonial America

Colonial America . Seventeenth Century and Early Eighteenth Centuries…. Colonial America- Jamestown . Colonies established primarily for economic and/ or religious reasons. 1607 England’s 2 nd attempt at settling in North America- Jamestown for economic reasons.

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Colonial America

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  1. Colonial America Seventeenth Century and Early Eighteenth Centuries…

  2. Colonial America- Jamestown • Colonies established primarily for economic and/ or religious reasons. • 1607 England’s 2nd attempt at settling in North America- Jamestown for economic reasons. *joint stock company; Virginia Company. *many came searching for gold. “not available- fool’s gold”. *settlers typically not “equipped” (physically and literally). *helped by Native Americans of the Powhatan Confederacy. *Jamestown only survived because ships kept arriving with new colonists. *John Smith- “he who will not work shall not eat”.

  3. Continued • Winter 1609-1610 ; Starving Time • John Rolfe *Married Pocahontas *Tobacco pioneer (eventually leads settlement projection in Virginia as well as plantation slavery – cause and effect, prior knowledge!) *Brings in new settlements around Jamestown  Chesapeake colonies (Virginia and Maryland) *those who migrated did so for financial reasons *indentured servitude (75% out of 130,000) *headright system (1618) ; 50 acres in land grants and basis of “power in the hands of a small & wealthy group. *House of Burgesses (1619) first REPRESENTATIVE government in America. Granted suffrage to property owning white males

  4. The French in North America (relevant side note)…. • 1608; Quebec • French Jesuit priests attempted to convert natives to Roman Catholicism • More likely to spread diseases • Tried to colonize as much land as possible • Find Asia • Mostly single men who intermarried with natives • Stayed on the move coureurs du bois (runners in the wood) • Fur Trade • Relevance: French Indian War aka 7 Years War (1754-1763)… stay tuned! (cause and effect- prior knowledge)

  5. Colonial America- Massachusetts Bay Colony; The Pilgrims • (16th Century) Puritanism in England  persecution look for a place to practice their faith  New World! • Separatists; completely abandoned the Church of England • (Mayflower. 1620) Set sail for Virginia but accidently land in Plymouth, Massachusetts. • Travelers – Pilgrims sign the Mayflower Compact *government’s power comes from the CONSENT of the governed, not from God. *Absolutists • Also received help from Native Americans- Squanto • (1629) Massachusetts Bay colony established *Congregationalists * (1629-1642) Great Puritan Migration

  6. Massachusetts Bay Colony, Continued… • Governor John Winthrop * Calvinist ideals/ principles * City upon a hill * Puritan ideals *Government was to be a covenant among people, work must serve a communal ideal and Puritan ideals should always be followed and the church served. *Ironically, no room for religious tolerance *Religious intolerance actually led to the founding of other colonies…(Cause and effect)

  7. Continued. Religious Intolerance (effect) • Salem Bay minister Roger Williams- challenged Puritan’s authority. (Separation of Church and State) *Williams banished. * Starts Rhode Island • Anne Hutchinson – questioned/ challenged religious authority (heresy). God’s grace would be enough to earn a place among the elect (not legalism). * Tried and convicted * banished….to Rhode Island

  8. Continued… *Puritan Immigration to New England *Chesapeake v New England • Comes to a standstill (1649-1660) *Oliver Cromwell’s rule in England *English Civil Wars *Death of Cromwell (1658) *Stuarts reign again (1660) *Republican Ideals (cause and effect) • New England: families, longer life-span, community, more religious (meetinghouses) • Chesapeake: single men, tobacco/climate- shorter life span, lonelier, less religious.

  9. Other ColoniesProprietorships • Population in Massachusetts grows, start looking for new places to settle. • Connecticut Valley Pequot War • Many colonies were proprietorships (gifts from the King hence owned by one person). Eventually leads to rebellion. Revolution ideologies? (cause & effect, prior knowledge) • Connecticut (1635) Fundamental Orders • Maryland (Lord Baltimore)  haven for Catholics profit from tobacco  religious tolerance (Protestants vs Catholics Act of Toleration (1649)

  10. Continued... • New York- gift from the King to his brother, James *1664 Charles II wages ware on the Dutch (original populates but posed economic threat to G.B) * James becomes Duke of York * (1685) becomes King  N.Y a royal colony. • New Jersey – sold off to Quaker investors. • Pennsylvania (Quaker’s own colony) *William Penn (Quaker) • Good friends with Charles II Charles II saw Quakers as radicals. • Liberal Policies regarding religion (tolerance) • Better treatment toward Native Americans • One of the fastest growing colonies • Backlash • Penn’s deal with the Natives.

  11. * Proprietary Continued… * Slavery • Carolinas • (1729) Split – N & S Carolina • North Carolina- (Virginia) • South Carolina- (Englishmen- Barbados- African Slavery) ------------------------------------------------ • African American Slavery (cause) • Native American slaves- difficult • African Americans did not know the land • Language barriers • Easier to identify • (1790) 750,000 blacks enslaved • Middle Passage- Triangular Trade Route (conditions) Transatlantic Slave Trade (1808) (cause and effect/ prior knowledge) • Thrived in the South- Labor intensive work (tobacco & rice) • North- Farms (NY & NJ), house servants

  12. Salutary Neglect & Regulation of Colonial Trade • G.B did not quite interfere with colonist affairs • Autonomy rhetoric (self rule) Road to Revolution? (cause & effect, prior knowledge) • America develops it’s own culture • Period lasts until French Indian War (1750) -------------------------------------------------------------------- • English Regulation on Colonial Trade • Mercantilism – Specie • Encouraged manufacturing in England  protective tariff • Navigation Acts (1651-1673)- smuggling • Attempts to strengthen act: vice-admiralty courts (no jury) • Entirely dependent on England, no uprising.

  13. Colonial Government • Large self-government rhetoric/ ideology • Every colony had a governor • Legislature • Highly dependent on the cooperation o f the colonist. • Efforts to centralize government (by the colonists): New England Confederation (typically dealt with small issues, settled disputes).

  14. Notable Events • Bacon’s Rebellion (1676): Class resentment. • Nathanial Bacon vs. Governor Berkeley • Western settlers facing Native American attacks • Jamestown didn’t want to risk full scale war • Lashed out at Natives anyway • Burn down Jamestown • Ends with Bacon’s death ------------------------------------------------------------------------ • King Phillip’s War • Wampanoags led by “King Phillip” • End of Native American presence New England.

  15. Notable Events, Continued… • Stono Uprising (1739)- first, one of the most successful slave uprisings. • Restrictive laws to govern slave behavior. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- • Salem Witch Trials (1692) • Over 130 “Witches” executed or sent to jail • Reasons: some say it was a “battle of the classes” • Or paranoia may have been a result of recent attempts of absolute rule. (Dominion of New England) • Glorious Revolution  suffrage to all Protestants (Puritans paranoid would weaken their religion).  Halfway Covenant

  16. Great Awakening (1730s-1740s) • Religion dies down in colonies early 1700s • Attempt to rekindle spirit of Puritanism • If we could make religious decisions on our own, we can also make political decisions on our own! • Jonathan Edwards & George Whitefield • Edwards: • Influenced by Enlightenment (Ben Franklin- Poor Man’s Almanack) • “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God”. • Very graphic depictions of hell • Damnation of those not “awakened” to true religion (Calvanism) • Whitefield: • Evangelical (traveled the colonies) • Former actor with great speaking skills; Attracted over 6,000 • Based on Emotionalism and Spiritualism

  17. Life in the Colonies • Rate of growth; 1700= 250,000 & 1750= 1,250,000 • Populations extend beyond English European Scotch-Irish, Scots, Germans, Blacks -------------------------------------------------------- • 90% lived in rural areas • Labor divided among gender • Socializing ------------------------------------------------------------------ • Conditions in cities • Much worse than countryside • Sanitary conditions, population, epidemics • Positive: contact with more people, progress and education.

  18. * Education* Differences • Education was rare. Not strange to find a hand few of colonists with only a mediocre education, if any. • Work first, education secondary • Colleges existed solely to train in in ministry. ------------------------------------------------------------- • Various colonial regions differed considerably.

  19. Assessment! • Pg. 91 

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