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BIOLOGY I

BIOLOGY I. Exploration & Discovery. Lecture/Lab 01 Althoff. Scientific Method: H O vs. H A Types of Studies: Experimental vs. Observational Bobwhite Quail Eggs: Does Size Matter?. Scientific Method. Observation(s). Question. Hypothesis.

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BIOLOGY I

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  1. BIOLOGYI Exploration & Discovery Lecture/Lab 01 Althoff Scientific Method: HO vs. HATypes of Studies: Experimental vs. ObservationalBobwhite Quail Eggs: Does Size Matter?

  2. Scientific Method Observation(s) Question Hypothesis Test does _______ hypothesis: make additional predictions and test them Test does _____ support hypothesis: revise hypothesis or pose new one Prediction Test: Experimental or Additional observation

  3. Lab handout: Activity 1 • Conclusion • Experiment • Hypothesis • Observation(question) • Theory

  4. Some important terms • _________ = sample unit left as “normal” or untreated • _________ = sample unit that something “different” is done to it • At _______ = assumes no bias due to human subjectivity • _________ variable = independent variable • _________ variable = dependent variable

  5. Observational vs. Experimental Studies • Observational: __________ (usually), trying to determine basics, learn patterns, trends, characteristics • Experimental: _________ (usually), have basic knowledge of subject that enables one to “separate” into treatment groups

  6. Hypothesis • HO = _______hypothesis….essentially says “no differences” • HA = _________ hypothesis….essentially says “found differences”…with statistical evidence to support that

  7. Observational vs. Experimental Studies • Observational: generally summarize data using ________________ statistics • Experimental: determine if differences between treatments are “real” using _______________ statistics

  8. Statistics • Descriptive statistics: ___________________: mean, median, mode __________: range, variance, standard deviation, standard error _____________: correlation (Pearson, Spearman) • Inferential statistics: _____________: t-test, F-test, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), chi-squared non-parametric: sign test, Kruskal-Wallis test, Friedman test • Models: Akaikae Information Criterion (AIC), Structural Equation Modeling (SEM)

  9. Quail Eggs: Does ______ Matter? • Not all eggs laid are the same….can vary by: 1) weight/mass 2) yolk composition (protein & lipid %) 3) albumen composition (protein & water %) 4) shell thickness

  10. Quail Eggs: Key components 3 2

  11. Quail Eggs: Does Size Matter? • Normally take __________ to hatch from start of incubation • Young born are ________…meaning they are “ready” to go (aka leave nest) within 6-24 hours after hatching • Eggs must be kept at 99-100 oF (_____ oFbest) for the duration of the incubation period • 3 ways for us to “check” on development: 1) _______ eggs (expect weight will decrease) 2) _______ eggs (expect air space to increase) 3) _______ eggs (expect “light”/”dark” areas)

  12. Quail Eggs: Checking Egg Status • Weigh – using digital platform scale

  13. Quail Eggs: Checking Egg Status • Float – in beaker of water ______ Semi-float _______

  14. Quail Eggs: Checking Egg Status • Candling

  15. The “Study” Design Starting with 100+ eggs Placing in incubator with egg turner

  16. Basics…. • Overall, eggs pre-incubation weighed from 9.6 to 14.1 grams • To have “clear separation” of small vs. large eggs, will consider only eggs weight ______g or less as SMALL______ g or greater as LARGE • Response variable: hatch within 24 hours of first hatch (= _____)

  17. Hypothesis & Statistical Test • H0 - ____________in H24 between small and large eggs • HA - _________ in H24 between small and large eggs • Evaluate using _________________ (X2) Hatch in H24 # ____ # ____ Small eggs (<11.3) (N = 28) # ____ #____ Large eggs (<12.4) (N = 31)

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