The Colonies

1. The Colonies SECtION 1.4 Northern, middle, and southern colonies

2. Create your new colony • You have found a new colony-congratulations! Now you have some decisions to make: • Economy-How will you make $$? • Government-How will it be structured? • Social/cultural aspects-what are they? What is life like? Are there social classes? • ANALYZE: for each colony presented-how long will they last, and why?

3. Questions to consider • Why might diverse groups of people have to agree upon shared values and principles in order to form and maintain a viable political and economic system? • The foundations of a nation’s political and economic system often develops from the values and beliefs of its settlers. • How would the social, cultural, and political ideologies of the colonists contribute to the foundation for the American political and economic system?

4. Colonies & Charters • Colony: a group of people in one place who are ruled by a parent country elsewhere • Charter: a written document granting land and the authority to set up a government

5. Why settle? Colonists https://youtu.be/Cznq6F6y32w • Political: civil war, tyranny, and political unrest convinced many colonists that life would be better abroad in the New World • English Civil War (1642-1645) • Beheading of Charles I, 1649 • Glorious Revolution (1688-1689) • Economic: overpopulation in England caused agriculture to diminish and there were less job opportunities for the English. Feudalism continued to be a driving force, as lords fenced in lands and peasants could not find work in the cities.

6. Colonists, cont’d • Religious Persecution: Henry XIII established the Church of England as the official religion of England. This made it very difficult for other religious groups to practice religion, including Puritans and Catholics. • Daughter Elizabeth I furthered persecution by making the Anglican Church the established religion of England. • Great Puritan Migration: 1625-1628

7. Geographic impact • How did the topography of the different regions of the 13 colonies and the reasons the colonists immigrated influence the economic development of the different regions? • Answer with a partner (5 bullet points)

8. List of Colonies https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cznq6F6y32w

9. New England Colonies • New Hampshire • Massachusetts • Connecticut • Rhode Island

10. New EnglaND • A diversified economy developed in the North with a focus on trade, shipbuilding, furs, fishing, and iron production. • Industries led to a growth of cities and the problems associated with cities: • Sanitation • Overcrowding • Merchants and Business Owners were the most powerful members of society. • The Puritans in the New England Colonies were less tolerant of other religious groups. • Rocky Soil and cold weather prevented heavy farming in New England. Instead, settlers only had small subsistence farms.

11. New England • Massachusetts • Pilgrims founded Plymouth in 1620 as a joint-stock company and other Puritans founded Boston in 1630. • Massachusetts was a theocracy—religious beliefs served as law and religious leaders had the most authority • Rhode Island • Rhode Island was founded by Roger Williams as a haven for the Baptists. Roger Williams advocated for fair treatment of the Native Americans and some religious tolerance, after he and Anne Hutchinson were expelled from Massachusetts for their religious beliefs.

12. New England • Connecticut • New Haven, Connecticut was founded by Thomas Hooker after he left Massachusetts in search of more freedom • Residents of Connecticut formed the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut, effectively the first Constitution in the western world. • New Hampshire • New Hampshire broke away from Massachusetts

13. Middle Colonies • New York • Pennsylvania • New Jersey • Delaware

14. Middle Colonies • The Middle Colonies had the most fertile soil in 13 colonies. • They were referred to as the Bread Basket Colonies because many different types of grain were produced in the area. • Immigration in 1700’s led to a diverse population. • Haven for religious minorities: • Quakers • Methodists • Moravians

15. Middle Colonies • Pennsylvania • Pennsylvania was founded by William Penn, a Quaker seeking religious freedom. He founded Philadelphia in 1682. Non-Quakers were allowed to live in Pennsylvania and practice their religion freely. • New York • Originally New Amsterdam, New York was taken over by the British Duke of York and renamed New York.

16. Middle Colonies • New Jersey • The land of New Jersey was granted to two proprietors. One of those proprietors was from Jersey and named the land New Jersey. • Delaware • Delaware was founded by Swedes and granted by Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania used area for access to the Atlantic Ocean.

17. Southern Colonies • Maryland • Virginia • North Carolina • South Carolina • Georgia

18. Southern Colonies • The southern colonies had an economy focused on the plantation model. • Plantations produced Cash Crops—plants grown for profit, not subsistence (cotton, tobacco, etc.) • Wealthy Planters and Landowners dominated economic, social and political life. • The South’s system of plantations demanded more workers than immigration and indentured servants provided.

19. Southern Colonies • Maryland • Maryland was founded as a haven for Catholics and named after Queen Mary • The assembly of the Maryland colony created the Maryland Toleration Act, protecting the rights of an array of religions in Maryland, although England was not in support of this decision. • Virginia • Jamestown was founded in 1607 by the British as a tobacco town • Jamestown was the very first permanent European settlement in present-day America. Originally founded as a joint-stock colony by the Virginia Co., bankruptcy returned the colony to the British Crown.

20. Southern Colonies • North & South Carolina • The Carolinas were founded as one unit, Carolina, in the 1660’s. A charter from Charles II allowed for the creation of the colony. • Once split, each area had 8 proprietors. The charter was eventually surrendered to the British crown. • Georgia • Georgia was originally founded by James Oglethorpe in the 1730’s as a prison state and a buffer between the British settlements and Spanish Florida. • Oglethorpe wanted to reform the prison system by offering prisoners opportunities for redemption.

21. SECTION 1.5Workforce of The colonies • Originally, Southern Colonies used Indentured Servants to work on plantations and farms. • agreed to work for planters in the colonies in exchange for passage to America • serve for a predetermined number of years (usually 7 years) and then gain freedom at the end of that time. • African Slaves became the primary source of plantation labor; served lifelong terms and did not choose to come to the colonies.

22. https://youtu.be/znwRJ5K85XI

23. The Middle Passage • African Slave traders from the West Coast of Africa captured other Africans (from opposing tribes) from the interior of Africa • Only one half of Slaves survived the forced migration • African Slave Traders gave Slaves to the Europeans in exchange for weapons and other goods. https://youtu.be/REXNr-PUlnk It is estimated that 1/3 of slaves starting the Middle Passage died en route to the Americas

24. Triangular Trade https://youtu.be/BPoTkW2FDk4

25. Colonial Set up • Royal Colonies: Monarch selects the governor and appoints the members of the governor’s council (upper house). Qualified voters elect the colonial assembly (lower house). 8 colonies-who? GA, SC, NC, VA, NJ, NY, MA, NH • Proprietary Colonies: Proprietor selects the governor and eligible voters elect the colonial assembly. 3 colonies-who? Delaware, Maryland, Pennsylvania • Self-Governing Colonies: Colonists directly or indirectly elect governor and both members of legislature. 2 colonies-who? Connecticut, Rhode Island

26. England TIGHTENS Control:Navigation acts • The colonies were beginning to prosper. Who gets the wealth? Who deserves to rule? • 1651: England’s Parliament passed a series of laws known as the Navigation Acts • These laws restricted the colonies shipping and trade • Ships, destinations, crews, goods: all strictly regulated by the English • Problem? The colonies were developing a spirit of self-determination. They were NOT happy with these restrictions.

27. Colonies Compared to England • How were the colonies better off? Worse off? Answer with a partner (bullet points) • Better off economically-trade, crops, etc. • Indian Attacks • Higher standard of living (+/-) • Religious and political freedom (always?) • More economic opportunity “American Dream” (everyone?) • Same rights as the British (as stated in the Jamestown Charter) • 3000 miles away from the King (+/-)

28. ‘Ellogov’nah! • Choose your colony • Host a convention of your peers where you will extol the virtues of life, commerce, and natural resources that make your colony a great place to live (accurate info) • BE CONVINCING-entertain me with your writing skills! • Write a keynote address to be delivered at the governor’s convention at the end of class (or TOMORROW if not finished)

29. SECTION 1.6America the beautiful • 1. What is the American Dream? • 2. What was the Enlightenment? • Explain in your own words (think political, economic, social, religious, etc)

30. Enlightened influEnces • Plato: believed that government should create good for all collectively and that all individuals needed to give up certain things for the good of all citizens • Aristotle: Ideal governments should be concerned with the common good or common interest • Machiavelli: believed in "republicanism" and "civic virtue" where citizens act for the common good and they would put their selfish desires aside • Hobbes: believed in "natural laws" where in nature before people formed by a society, preexisting principles arise. Believed in social contract.

31. Con’t • 5. Locke: Believed that all men are created equal and that people should have the freedom to act. He believed in social contract between the people and their government and that there should be a limit to government. Also believed in Constitutionalism • 6. Montesquieu: believed in separation of power and that there should be 3 branches of government: legislative, executive, and judicial (checks and balances) • 7. Rousseau: Agreed with Locke but didn't think that the majority would always act for the common good. Believed that the role of the government was to ensure that the common good or general welfare was protected.

32. Enlightenment In America • Define Enlightenment in 3-5 words. • Explain the political/social impact that the Enlightenment had on Europe and the New World. • Who was Roger Williams? How did he help shape a new vision for the New World? • What ideals influenced the beginnings of America? Are they still present today? • What is the greatest irony of the Enlightenment? Explain. • Why is the Enlightenment important to America’s history?

34. Questions to Discuss and Answer: • What four words describe the people in the painting? • These people are on a ship. Where might they be going? Why might they be traveling there? • The men are signing a document called the Mayflower Compact. What do you think the document might be about? • Five founding ideals of the United States are equality, rights, liberty, opportunity, and democracy. Which of these ideals seem to be represented in the painting? Support your answer with specific details from the painting. • What details in the painting seem to contradict the founding ideals? Explain your ideas.

35. SECTIONS 1.1 - 1.6 REVIEW

36. REVIEW: Enlightenment Matching/Define • Republicanism/ Civic Virtue Hobbes • “Majority isn’t the best” Montesquieu • Natural Laws, Inalienable Rights Plato • Separation of Government Voltaire • Free Speech Machiavelli • “For the Common Good” Aristotle • Give up Rights for the Collective Locke

37. Activity 1: • Use what we have learned about Northern and Southern colonies to complete this assignment • In the rectangle, create an advertisement encouraging British settlers and indentured servants to come to the colonies. Use simple images and a few phrases to make your message clear. • On the left, write what a Native American might be thinking about the colonists that your advertisement will bring to North America. • On the right, write what an enslaved African might be thinking about your advertisement.

38. Activity 2: • Draw this table in your notebook • Fill in the date for each event. • In blue book: read p. 23-24 for information. Add the following to your list: Mayflower Compact, Town Meetings, and Fund. Orders of Conn. • Cut the seven icons from your handout, and tape each icon into your table for the event it best represents. Then describe their effect on American Rights/Gov’t.

40. Continued • VA House of Burgess, 1619: Landowning white males elect representatives to a colonial legislature (House of B). First elected legislature, first representative gov’t in New World. • Town Meetings: centered around the church; only free, property owning men participated; example of direct democracy and training for self-government • Fundamental Orders of CT, 1639: Thomas Hooker, first official, successful written constitution in the New World; rested upon the consent of the governed (with property)

41. Activity 3: Next to EACH founding ideal, Place TWO events that affected that ideal.

42. Questions to Discuss and Answer: • What type of economic system existed in colonial America? • Who profited? • How does the Enlightenment and the “American Dream” affect this system? • What is revolution?

43. SECTION 1.7: TENSIONS INCREASE • Economic Idea: Mercantilism • Decrease imports, increase exports (GOLD/SILVER)

44. Issues • Mercantilism: positives and negatives • Salutary Neglect: positives and negatives • Navigation Acts: positives and negatives

45. Society in Colonial America • Who was the Upper Class of society? Describe their life. • Who was the Middle Class of society? Describe their life. • Who was the Lower Class of society? Describe their life. • How easy do you think it was to move from one society to another? Explain. • Using information discussed earlier in class, how do these sources compare with our “American Dream” ideals?

47. Intolerable Acts • What do you see?  What physical details, structures, people, colors, etc. do you notice?  • What does it appear is being done to the man in the middle?Why do you think this is occurring?  • What do you notice about the tree?   • What do you imagine took place before this moment in time? What lead these characters to this point? • If this frozen image came alive, what do you predict would happen next? • What message is the artist trying to convey? 

49. Battle of Lexington and Concord • What do you see? What appears to be happening in this image? • In your opinion, who is winning this struggle?   • How do you think this situation will end?   • http://www.history.com/topics/american-revolution/battles-of-lexington-and-concord

50. WHAT TO DO? • The Second Continental Congress was convened in May of 1775. It was created to organize the defense of the colonies at the onset of the American Revolutionary War. • Activity: Using the 2nd Continental Sheet, discuss the situation the colonies are in. As a group, come up with how you are going to combat said issues. Be sure you can back up your decisions and explain why you have chosen to take such actions.