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The Northern Colonies

The Northern Colonies. 1619-1700. The Puritans. Protestant Reformation: October 31, 1517 Martin Luther nails 95 Theses to Wittenberg Cathedral in Germany. Led to challenge to Catholic Church throughout Europe.

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The Northern Colonies

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  1. The Northern Colonies 1619-1700

  2. The Puritans • Protestant Reformation: October 31, 1517 Martin Luther nails 95 Theses to Wittenberg Cathedral in Germany. Led to challenge to Catholic Church throughout Europe. • John Calvin of Geneva: Expanded on Luther’s ideas. Influenced Puritans, Scottish Presbyterians, French Huguenots, and the Dutch Reformed Church. • 1536: Institutes of Christian Religion • God all powerful and Good • Human are weak and wicked due to original sin • Pre-destination: We don’t know who is chosen for eternal bliss • Live your life looking for sign of “conversion”. The message that you are chosen. • Live a life demonstrating they are living saints.

  3. The Puritans • Message was spreading at the same time as Henry VIII’s reign. The man who created the Church of England • Many English Woolen District wanted the Church of England to break even further away from Catholic traditions. • These religious zealots, or separatists, wanted to completely break away from the Anglican Church. • King James I (1603-1625) persecuted these separatists, even beheading his son for practicing puritan ideas. • Persecution forced Separatists to move to Holland in 1608. • Felt their children were becoming too Dutch and sought a place where they could be both English and Puritan.

  4. Plymouth • A group of separatists in Holland made a deal with the Virginia company to settle in the New World. • Set sail on the Mayflower destined for the Mouth of the Hudson River • Missed their destination and landed in New England on Dec 20. 1620 after a 65 day voyage. 102 People • Fewer than half of the voyagers were separatists. • Captain Myles Standish was the initial leader. • Mayflower Compact: Agreement among member to form a government based on the will of majority under laws supported by the group. Not a constitution.

  5. Plymouth • First winter of 1620-1621 • 44 out of 102 survived • Many left but all surviving separatists stayed Autumn of 1621 saw better times for the Pilgrims Celebrated first Thanksgiving Day Found plenty of fish, beaver furs, and lumber for survival Help from Indians Squanto: Formerly captured by Thomas Hund and taken to England in 1614. Returned to find his tribe dead and gone Helped Pilgrims to gain power in the region Pokanokets helped . Leader was Massasoit. He didn’t trust Squanto

  6. Plymouth • Narragausetts were the enemies of the Pokanokets and produced problems for Pilgrims. • Squanto was eventually killed for playing a middleman between the 3 groups. Pilgrims were never an economic powerhouse but survived. William Bradford: Great leader of Plymouth and was elected governor 30 times. Educated and intelligent. Plymouth eventually joined the Mass. Bay Colony in 1691.

  7. William Bradford

  8. Massachusetts Bay Colony • Led by another group of separatists not as extreme as Pilgrims • Went to Massachusetts avoiding persecution under Charles I • 1629: Received charter to form the Massachusetts Bay Company • 1630: Set sail with 11 vessels and 1,000 immigrants • Started the great Migration of the 1630s: 75,000 left England. Not all Puritans. 14,000 went to Mass. Most went to the Indies. • John Winthrop: First governor of the Colony. Led the colony for 19 years. A lawyer who felt God called him to lead.

  9. John Winthrop

  10. Mass. Bay Colony • Economy: Based on Fishing and shipbuilding. Community was cohesive and sought for the advancement of all instead of instant wealth. • Government: Ran by men who belonged to the Congregational Church. • Purpose: Enforce God’s Law. A form of a theocracy. • Mistrust toward non-members of the Congregational Church even though they paid taxes to the church. • Only male church member could vote. About 40% of the population. Still more voting power than in England. • Not a true democracy as church ultimately ruled.

  11. Mass Bay Colony • Bible Commonwealth • Entrance into church were based on interrogations to determine purity of one’s soul • John Cotton: Clergyman who was Cambridge educated. Defended church’s power over the government. • Became strong religious presence • Clergymen couldn’t hold public office even though government chose clergymen. An early example of the separation of religion and state. • Puritan Work Ethic: We are all called to do God’s work and idle hands are the tools of the devil. • Hellfire: Drinking and unfaithfulness were heavily frowned upon • Laws against kissing in public and public drunkeness • Blue Laws: Blue paper for decency laws

  12. Trouble in the Colony • Not tolerant of other religions. • Quakers were fined, flogged, or banished • 4 hanged in Boston: 1 a woman • Anne Hutchinson: Strong willed expressive mother of 14 • To be truly saved one not need to worry about laws of God or man. • Holy life is not a sure sign of salvation: heresy • Brought to trial in 1638 for ideas Claimed she gained ideas through direct revelations from God: heresy Banished Moved to Rhode Island and then N.Y. where she was killed by Indians.

  13. Anne Hutchinson

  14. Roger Williams • Salem Minister • Challenged legality of Boston Charter: Said it took land from Indians without compensation • Challenged governments ability and authority to regulate religious behavior. • Felt the government got in the way of the Church and should be separate. • 1635: Banished • Found Rhode Island in 1636 and was chartered in 1644: a colony of religious toleration and separation of church and state. Based out of Providence.

  15. New England Expansion • Connecticut: • Hartford established in 1635 by English and Dutch Settlers • Thomas Hooker led Boston Puritans into the area in 1636 • 1639: Fundamental Orders: Early form of constitution in the colony • New Haven: 1638: Founded by Puritans who wanted a strong govt-religion connection • Royal Charter 1662 New Hampshire: Born out of fishing in 1623 Absorbed by Massachusetts in 1641 Separated in 1679

  16. Puritans Vs. Indians • When Pilgrims landed at Plymouth in 1620, ¾ of Indians in New England had died of disease. • 1637: Push of settlers west into Connecticut River Valley led to Indian hostility • English sided with Narragansett vs. the Pequot Indians. Destroyed Pequot villages and annihilated the tribe. • Indians saw that the only way to defeat the English was through intertribal unity. • King Philip, Massasoit’s son, brought an Indian alliance and started attacking English villages.

  17. King Philip

  18. King Philip’s War • King Philip’s men attacked 52 villages • 12 destroyed • Hundreds died • Philip’s son and wife were sold into slavery • Philip captured, beheaded, drawn, and quartered. His head was displayed in Plymouth • Ended in 1676 • Insured that the Indians would never threaten New England Colonists again.

  19. Colonial Unity • 1643: New England Confederation • Created by the colonies during a time of Civil War in England • Purpose was to prevent other nations (French and Dutch) as well as Indians from trying to weaken colonial power. • Also created laws for criminals and runaway servants. • Each colony allowed two votes. Made Massachusetts upset due to their size. • Led by Puritans and shunned Rhode Island and the fishing colony of Maine (not a true colony but an outpost of Massachusetts) • First display of Colonial Unity • Charles II took crown in 1660 civil war and again created strong Church of England, which limited the goals of the Puritan Confederation. Charles took a very active role in the colonies. Gave charters to Connecticut and Rhode Island to weaken the Puritan grip in New England.

  20. Sir Edmund Andros • The Dominion of New England • 1686 • A royal confederation • Created to combat natives • Promote the administration of English Navigation Laws. • Laws that only allowed colonists to trade with England • Led to smuggling Sir Edmund Andros led the Dominion Lived in Boston Anglican (upset the Puritans) Soldier were a bit salty for the puritan crowd Limited civil liberties (assembly, press, education, and land) and taxed without consent.

  21. Sir Edmund Andros • Rule came to an end with the Glorious Revolution in England. King James II was dethroned and Andros lost his power. There was a threat to Andros’s life, but in the end he was shipped back to England • The event showed that colonists were willing to challenge royal control. • Led to England putting a tighter hold on the colonies and setting the stage for more unrest in the 1700s.

  22. New York • Dutch settlement • Led by the Dutch East India Company • Hired English Explorer, Henry Hudson, to explore the Delaware Bay and Hudson River in 1609. • Dutch West India Company then settled New Netherland in the Hudson River area in 1623. Focus was on fur trade • New Amsterdam was a company town established there. Purpose was profit and colony was ruled with an iron fist. • Religious intolerance. Dutch Reform Church was official church. • Large feudal estates called patroonships were granted to people who could settle 50 people on them. Led to a class of large land owners. • Poorly governed by the Dutch. Open to Indian attack. Greed led to downfall

  23. New York • The English resented the Dutch presence. Saw them as intruders. • English moved into the region and eventually represented half the population of New Netherlands • 1664: Charles II grants the land to his brother the Duke of York, even though England didn’t own it. • Peter Stuyvesant, political and military leader of New Netherlands, surrendered to the English w/o firing a shot. • Became known as New York

  24. Pennsylvania • Quakers emerged in England in mid 1600s • Religious Society of Friends • Refused to pay taxes to Church of England • Had no paid clergy and looked at each other as equals • Refused to serve in the military • William Penn was a young aristocrat who embraced the Quaker faith despite contempt from his father and risk of social rebuke. • King granted Penn a large land grant in 1681 in return for a monetary debt owed to his deceased father. • Charles II named the area Pennsylvania despite Penn’s efforts to change the name.

  25. Pennsylvania

  26. Pennsylvania • Penn advertised large land grants and new opportunities to people of all race, religion, ethnicity, or creed. • Successful in convincing a large number of skilled workers to his colony. • Dutch, Swedes, English, and Welsh • Philadelphia was center of commerce. A well planned city with wide streets. • Very open with the Indians of the area and paid fair prices for land. Some Indians actually traveled to Pennsylvania to live. • Scots-Irish took advantage of relationships with Indians and treated them poorly.

  27. Pennsylvania • Allowed Religious freedom, except for Jews and Catholics under royal decree. • Representative assembly of land owners • Denied slavery in most of the colony • Had do defense system put in place • Philadelphia quickly grew into the strongest settlement in the New World and enjoyed economic prosperity. • Some Quaker settlers left to establish New Jersey in 1664. Became royal in 1702. • Other settlers moved to Delaware to establish Quaker colonies in Swedish territory. Granted own assembly in 1703 but stayed under Pennsylvania control until the American Revolution.

  28. The Middle Colonies • New York, New Jersey, Delaware, and Pennsylvania. • Became agriculture centers, especially grain. • Rivers were centers of the fur trade. • Large harbors allowed for ship building and commerce. Esp. New York and Philadelphia • Set the Stage for what America would be. • Ethnically mixed • More religious freedom • More democratic control • More land holder but smaller holdings • More freedoms

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