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Solar System

Solar System. The sun (central star) and all things orbiting around it, including the eight major planets, their satellites (moons), dwarf planets, and all the smaller pieces such as asteroids, meteoroids, and comets.

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Solar System

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  1. Solar System • The sun (central star) and all things orbiting around it, including the eight major planets, their satellites (moons), dwarf planets, and all the smaller pieces such as asteroids, meteoroids, and comets. • These various celestial bodies are trapped in a constant orbit around the Sun by its strong gravitational pull. Not to scale Image taken from: http://asm.arc.nasa.gov/Gallery/images/generic/LG_Capableofeverything.jpg

  2. Formation of the Solar System Formed around 4.6 billion years ago Solar Nebula Huge cloud of gas and dust that collapsed into a flattened disk 1 Disk Sun formed at the center of the disk while other objects (planets, moons, etc.) formed from the whirling material of the disk 2 Solar System Much of the material was cleared away. The Sun, planets, and other objects remained 3 Images taken from: http://astronomyonline.org/SolarSystem/SolarSystemFormation.asp

  3. Planet • derived from a Greek word that means “wanderer” • a major object which orbits around a star • in our solar system, there are eight such objects which are traditionally called “planets”

  4. Orbit • the path of an object in space as it travels around another object • planets orbit around the sun in an elliptical (flattened circle or oval) path; proposed by Johannes Kepler  Kepler’s 1st Law • due to the gravitational attraction, a planet’s (or other object’s) speed increases as it approaches the sun • Planetary Motion Not to scale The Earth animation is not rotating in the correct direction; it should be rotating from west to east What do you think is the relationship between a planet’s orbit and a “year?”

  5. Mass a measure of how much matter an object is made of does not change, regardless of where something or someone is Weight the force of gravity on an object equal to the mass of the body times the local acceleration of gravity Mass vs. Weight Why do you think the person’s weight is less on the moon? The Earth animation is not rotating in the correct direction; it should be rotating from west to east Mass = 59 kg Mass = 59 kg Weight = 96 N Weight = 579 N http://www.exploratorium.edu/ronh/weight/index.html

  6. Rotation the movement or path of the earth or a heavenly body turning on its axis equivalent to one “day” Earth rotates at a speed of around 1,670 km/hr or 1000 mi/hr Revolution the motion of one body around another, such as Earth orbiting around the sun also known as an orbital period equivalent to one “year” Earth revolves at a speed of around 107,000 km/hr or 67,000 mi/hr Rotation vs. Revolution The Earth animation is not rotating in the correct direction; it should be rotating from west to east Sun Tips for remembering: rotation occurs in one day; day has three letters and rotation has three syllables revolution occurs in one year; year has four letters and revolution has four syllables

  7. Factors Influencing Planetary Characteristics Impact Cratering a process that occurs when a round pit is left behind on the surface of a planet or other body in space after a smaller object strikes the surface Tectonics the process of change in a crust due to the motion of hot material underneath Animation taken from: http://www.odsn.de/odsn/services/paleomap/animation.htm l Volcanism the process of molten material moving from a space body’s hot interior onto its surface The Earth animation is not rotating in the correct direction; it should be rotating from west to east Weathering and Erosion Weathering - the breaking down of rocks into smaller pieces; mostly caused by movements of water, wind, and ice Erosion – the process in which sediment is picked up and moved from one place to another

  8. Atmosphere Radiant energy from the sun • the outer layer of gases of a large body in space, such as a planet or star • usually composed of layers • Greenhouse Effect • the trapping of radiant energy by the gases (CO2, CH4, H2O, among others) that compose the atmosphere • planetary conditions would be very different without it (i.e. – the Earth’s temperature would be 60oF cooler we would not survive) The Earth animation is not rotating in the correct direction; it should be rotating from west to east What do you notice about the amount of energy entering the atmosphere, compared to the amount leaving?

  9. Image taken from: http://www.ucar.edu/learn/1_1_1.htm

  10. Terrestrial Planets (inner planets) Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars closest to the sun composed primarily of rock and metal have deep atmospheres (except Mercury), solid surfaces, no rings, & few satellites Gas Planets (outer planets) Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune composed primarily of hydrogen & helium have deep atmospheres, rings, & many satellites Planet Classifications

  11. Mercury Terrestrial Planets: Mercury and Venus These “inner planets” are called “terrestrial planets” because they resemble Earth, “terra-” means “Earth” Venus 

  12. Mercury Surface: Thin, hard rocky surface covered with many plains and craters. Atmosphere- very thin, some sodium and other gases There is NOT any sign of life on Mercury, lack of water and oxygen along with hot temperatures make life unlikely Image on bottom from http://astrogeology.usgs.gov/Projects/BrowseTheSolarSystem/gifs/mercury2.gif Top Image from http://pds .jpl.nasa.gov/planets/images/browse/mercury/mercury1.jpg

  13. Venus • Sometimes called “Earth’s twin” or “Earth’s sister planet” due to similarity • Rotates very slowly, one rotation takes about 8 Earth months and one revolution around sun takes about 7.5 Earth months (One day is longer than one year) • Atmosphere is mostly carbon dioxide so greenhouse effect is strong • Ability to support life- Life does NOT appear to exist on Venus, lack of water along with harsh temperatures and atmosphere make life on Venus unlikely Atmosphere- Very thick and cloudy, mostly carbon dioxide, clouds partly sulfuric acid Atmospheric pressure is 90 times heavier than Earth’s and would crush a human

  14. Terrestrial Planets: • Earth and Mars Earth’s crust is a solid rocky surface, 70% is covered by water Atmosphere- up to 100 km thick, made up of 78% Nitrogen, 21% Oxygen, 1% other gases The 4 terrestrial planets are very similar to each other, they are small and have rocky surfaces. They are dense. Do NOT have rings Mars has a rocky surface with carbonate rocks high in iron, creating red color. Polar ice caps contain frozen water and carbon dioxide

  15. The Outer Planets Jupiter Saturn Uranus pronounced “YOOR-a-nus” Neptune Pluto (a dwarf Planet) • These are the planets outside of the Asteroid Belt, they are: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and the dwarf planets Pluto and Eris • Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune are called “Gas Giants” .They are much larger than Earth and do not have solid surfaces • Pluto and Eris are small and rocky, like the terrestrial planets. • The gas giants do not have well-defined surfaces but have deep atmospheres that are typically about 75% hydrogen, 24% helium, and 1% other elements • Gas giants likely have solid cores of rock, ice, frozen carbon dioxide and other compounds

  16. Jupiter • Size- diameter is 11 times Earth’s, It is 142,800 km • Surface and atmosphere of gas and liquid it does not have a well-defined surface • Has a deep atmosphere of about 86 % hydrogen,14 % helium, and tiny amounts of methane, ammonia, water, and carbon monoxide. • Ability to support life- Lacks water, oxygen and moderate temperatures needed to support life. NO known life • Largest planet in solar system with 300 times the mass of Earth • Rotation- .41 Earth days (fastest) • Revolution- 29 Earth years Great Red Spot is storm on Jupiter, twice as big as Earth

  17. Jupiter Jupiter and moon Io Image on left from http://pds.jpl.nasa.gov/planets/images/browse/jupiter/jupiter.jpg Image on right from http://www.spacetoday.org/images/SolSys/Jupiter/JupiterBelowIo2001.jpg

  18. Saturn • Size- About 9.44 times size of Earth. It is 120,540 km • Surface and atmosphere of a gas giant, it does not have a well-defined surface but has syrup like mixture of helium and hydrogen and a thick atmosphere of gaseous helium and hydrogen

  19. Saturn continued • Ability to support life- Lacks water, oxygen, and moderate temperatures needed to support life • Second largest planet in solar system • Rotation- 0.43 Earth days • Revolution- 29 Earth years • Low density planet, could float in water • Prominent rings- diameter of 250,000 km or more but only about 1 kilometer thick, mostly chunks of ice and rocks

  20. Saturn Image on right from http://www.adlerplanetarium.org/cyberspace/planets/saturn/images/saturns_ring_plane.jpg Image on left fromhttp://pds.jpl.nasa.gov/planets/images/full/saturn/saturn.jpg

  21. Uranus • pronounced “YOOR-a-nus” • Size- About 4 times diameter of Earth. It is 51,200 km • Distance from Sun- About 19 times farther from sun than Earth. It is 2,871,000,000 km • Surface and atmosphere of a gas giant, it does not have a well-defined surface

  22. Uranus continued • the surface of Uranus consists of blue-green clouds made up of tiny ice crystals of methane, and rock. The crystals of methane have frozen out of the planet's atmosphere. • Uranus' atmosphere is about 83% hydrogen, 15% helium and 2% methane. Ability to support life- Lacks water, oxygen, and moderate temperatures needed to support life, NO known life Rotation- 0.72 Earth days, is retrograde rotation like Venus, and rotates on side Revolution- 84 Earth years Rings- 11 dark rings

  23. Uranus Image on left from http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/image/uranus.jpg Image on right from http://www.nasa.gov/images/content/139938main_uranus_ring.jpg

  24. Neptune • Size- Almost 4 times diameter of Earth. It is 49,500 km • Distance from Sun- Almost 30 times farther from sun than Earth. It is 4,497,000,000 km • Surface and atmosphere of a gas giant, it does not have a well-defined surface • Neptune's composition is probably similar to Uranus': various "ices" and Silicates (rock) with about 15% hydrogen, some water, and a little helium

  25. Neptune continued • Atmosphere is mostly hydrogen and helium with a small amount of methane. • Ability to support life- Lacks significant water, oxygen, and moderate temperatures needed to support life. NO known life. • Rotation- 0.67 Earth days • Revolution- 165 Earth years • Visible clouds in atmosphere • 3 Very dark rings, 1 very faint ring

  26. Neptune Image on left from http://www.diracdelta.co.uk/science/source/n/e/neptune/neptune.jpg Image on right from http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/Neptune-visible.jpg

  27. Pluto • Size- about 17% of diameter of Earth. It is 2200 km • Distance from sun- more than 39 times farther than Earth. It is 5,913,000,000 kilometers • Rocky, icy surface is very small • Thin atmosphere of methane gas

  28. Pluto continued • Ability to support life- Lacks water, oxygen, and warmth needed for life NO known life • Moons- 1 Charon (book), 3- Charon, Hydra and Nix (web and NASA) • Rotation- 6.4 Earth days • Revolution- 248 Earth years

  29. Pluto Image on left from http://www.crh.noaa.gov/Image/fsd/astro/Pluto1.jpg Image on right from http://www.jb.man.ac.uk/public/Pluto1.jpg

  30. The Dwarf Planets • Ceres- new dwarf planet, it was classified as the largest asteroid in the Asteroid Belt (it is between Mars & Jupiter). Say sir’eez • Pluto- was classified as a planet, now classified as a dwarf planet • Eris- new dwarf planet, past Pluto it is an icy body near the edge of our solar system. Say ee’ris

  31. The Dwarf Planets and their Moons Image from http://www.windows.ucar.edu/our_solar_system/dwarf_planets/images/dwarf_planet_sizes_sm.jpg

  32. Planets and Dwarf Planets compared • Dwarf planets are smaller than planets • Both orbit the Sun • Both are large enough that their gravity pulls them into the shape of a sphere • Planets clear smaller objects out of their orbit. Dwarf planets can not because of their weaker gravity Information from http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/our_solar_system/dwarf_planets/dwarf_planets.html

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