Learning Objectives

2. Learning Objectives • Define the theoretical processes of learning: behavioristic, cognitive, and social. • Discuss the principle of reinforcement, with special attention given to the law of effect, positive and negative reinforcers, and punishment. • Analyze organizational reward systems, emphasizing both monetary and nonfinancial rewards. • Present the steps and results of behavioral performance management, or organizational behavior modification (O. B. Mod.).

3. Introduction • Overview of learning theory and principles that serve as a foundation and point of departure for presenting the behavioral management approach

4. Learning Theory Background • Behavioristic theories • Classical conditioning • Pavlov’s classical conditioning experiment • Neutral stimulus, paired with unconditioned stimulus, becomes a conditioned stimulus and elicits a conditioned response • Operant conditioning • Learning that occurs as a consequence of behavior

5. Learning Theory Background Continued • Examples of classic and operant conditioning

6. Learning Theory Background Continued • Cognitive Theories • Relationship between cognitive environmental cues and expectation

7. Learning Theory BackgroundContinued • Social learning and social cognitive theory • Social learning • Learning can also take place via vicarious, or modeling, and self-control processes. • Social cognition • Identifies capabilities that initiate, regulate, and sustain behavior: • Symbolizing, forethought, vicarious/modeling learning, selfregulation, and self-reflection.

8. Learning Theory BackgroundContinued • Social learning and social cognitive theory (continued) • Modeling processes • Involves interrelated subprocesses, such as: • Attention, retention, motoric reproduction, and reinforcement. • Self-efficacy • Beliefs in one’s capabilities to organize and execute the courses of action required to produce given attainments

9. Principles of Learning: Reinforcement and Punishment • Laws of behavior • Law of effect • Extinction principle or law • Critique of reinforcement theory • Person’s cognitive rationalizations might neutralize them • Reinforcement as used in behavioral management • Rewards and reinforcers

10. Principles of Learning: Reinforcement and PunishmentContinued • Positive and negative reinforcers

11. Principles of Learning: Reinforcement and PunishmentContinued • Use of punishment • Meaning of punishment • Weakens behavior and tends to decrease its subsequent frequency • Administering punishment • Guidelines for discipline • Always attempt to reinforce instead of punish in order to change behavior

12. Role of Organizational Reward Systems • Analysis of money as a reinforcer • Nonfinancial rewards • Social recognition and attention • Performance feedback

13. Role of Organizational Reward SystemsContinued • Nonfinancial rewards(continued) - Categories

14. Behavioral Performance, Management, or O. B. Mod. • Step 1: Identification of performance behaviors • Systematic behavioral audit • Step 2: Measurement of the behavior • Baseline measure • Step 3: Functional analysis of the behavior • ABC analysis - antecedents (A) and consequences (C) of the target behavior (B)

15. Behavioral Performance, Management, or O. B. Mod.Continued • Step 3: Functional analysis of the behavior (continued)

16. Behavioral Performance, Management, or O. B. Mod.Continued • Step 4: Development of an Intervention Strategy • Positive reinforcement strategy • Punishment-positive reinforcement strategy • Step 5: Evaluation to ensure performance improvement

17. Behavioral Performance, Management, or O. B. Mod.Continued • Application of behavioral management • Employee productivity • Absenteeism and tardiness • Safety and accident prevention • Sales performance • Manufacturing versus service applications

18. Questions ?