Chapter 20.4

1. Chapter 20.4 Napoleon’s Fall and Europe’s Reaction

2. Disaster and Defeat • The Russian Campaign • Page 614 • Czar Alexander I was nervous about the effects of the Continental System on his country’s need to import goods so he began to gather his troops • Napoleon then planned to invade Russia and stationed his troops at the border of Russia. In June of 1812 he invaded Russia • However they faced many troubles • Many soldiers were new recruits from conquered territories and a little loyalties to Napoleon • They also had little supplies • The summer heat made then men and horses miserable • Many men were starving and died

3. Disaster and Defeat • The Russian Campaign • All of western Russia was deserted the Russia army moved east as did the people • In August the French finally met the Russians • French won but lost many men and the Russians had 90,000 more men then them • In October they finally reached Moscow but it was burnt to the ground so he could not sustain his troops in a ruined city and he had to leave the way they came • Russian peasants attacked isolated French soilders

4. Disaster and Defeat • The Russian Campaign • The French met the harsh winter weather on the way home • Starvation and freezing killed thousands and decimated Napoleon’s Army • Napoleon rushed to Paris on a sled leaving his troops behind 94,000 of the original 600,000 did not make the trip home

5. Disasters and Defeat • Defeat and Exile to Elba • Napoleon’s disaster in Russia gave his enemies new hope • Russia, Prussia, Austria, and Great Britain allied against France • Napoleon raised a new army but they were young and inexperienced • In October 1813 The two armies met and France was quickly defeated • March 1814 allies took over Paris and Napoleon surrendered • He was exiled to Elba a small Mediterranean island with only 400 guards and a small pension

6. The Last Campaigns • The allies now in control of France reinstated the monarch and put Louis XVIII, Louis XVI brother and rightful heir on the throne. They also returned Frances borders to those of 1792 • Hundred Days • After a year in exile on Elba, Napoleon hired a ship to take him and his supporters back into France • Louis XVIII fled to Belgium and the allies declared Napoleon an outlaw • Some of the French were now angry with Napoleon for putting them through years of warfare and killing so many French. The others were excited to hear of his return • The troops sent to arrest Napoleon instead pledge their loyalty to their former emperor • Napoleon’s return started the Hundred Days which were the brief 100 days of his renewed glory

7. The Last Campaigns • The Battle of Waterloo • Allies formed gathered their troops to go defeat Napoleon again • Napoleon’s army and Duke Wellington of England’s army met at Waterloo, a Belgian village • The battle only lasted a day because the allies were several countries against just France. France was crushed by the end of the day • Casualties for both sides being 50,000 men • This was the end of Napoleon’s military career and of the Napoleonic wars

8. The Last Campaigns • Napoleon’s Final Days • He tried to escape to America but was captured • They exiled him Saint Helena, a volcanic island 1,200 miles for any mainland • He died six years later at the age of 51 • The cause of death has never been determined

9. The Congress of Vienna Right after Napoleon was exiled to Elba hundred of European allies gathered at the Congress of Vienna to restore order and stability to Europe and redraw countries borders after Napoleon’s wars changed Europe’s landscape

10. The Congress of Vienna • The Negotiators • Leaders of the Congress • Lord Castlereagh- Great Britain • Czar Alexander I- Russia • King Frederick Willian III- Prussia • Prince Klemens von Metternich- Austria • Charles Maurice de Talleyrand- attended on Louis XVIII behave for France • Many leaders distrusted democracy and political change • They wanted to insure that France could never rise to such power • They wanted to compensate the allies for their losses during the Napoleonic Wars • They wanted to shoot down revolutions before they even started • They wanted to redraw the boundaries of Europe to erase any of Napoleons victories

11. The Congress of Vienna • Redrawing the Map • The changed many nations borders to strength the countries around France • Countries that aided France lost territory and those that fought them gained • If one country was getting too much they had to give up something • France had to pay an indemnity which was compensation for those countries they damaged

12. The Congress of Vienna • Matternich’s Influence • Matternich was a reactionary- someone who wanted things to return to the way they were in earlier days • He advocated from absolute monarchs and opposed anything with democratic ideals • He changed Austria, the German states, and Northern Italy and suppressed these liberal ideals • His influenced silenced liberal ideals for revolution and democracy for almost 30 years in these areas of Europe

13. The Revolution’s Legacy • The Revolution’s Legacy • After the Congress of Vienna was the Revolution a failure? • Europe was ruled by Monarchs once again • Citizens right’s were restricted • Nobles enjoyed privileges • However, The French Revolution and Napoleon had changed many things • Monarchs and nobles never felt secure in their position • They knew the Enlightenment ideas would not go away • The common people knew they could change things and that it was possible • The ideals of the revolution inspired people around the world for hundred of years • After the French Revolution Enlightenment ideals spread and caused revolutions in Romania, Latin America, Asia and Africa