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Sustainable Engineering

`. Sustainable Engineering. Primary Energy. The total  primary energy  consumption in India is the third biggest after China and USA from the year 2013.India is the second top coal consumer in the year 2015 after China.

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Sustainable Engineering

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  1. ` Sustainable Engineering Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

  2. Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

  3. Primary Energy • The total primary energy consumption in India is the third biggest after China and USA from the year 2013.India is the second top coal consumer in the year 2015 after China. • India ranks third in oil consumption with 195.5 million tons in 2015 after USA and China. • Primary Energy (PE) is an energy form found in nature that has not been subjected to any conversion or transformation process. • It is energy contained in raw fuels, and other forms of energy received as input to a system. Primary energy can be non-renewable or renewable. Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

  4. Time line Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

  5. Engineering..? Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

  6. Energy sources • Non renewable- • Coal- 200billion metric tons • Oil- Assam, Gujarat,Bombay high. • Godavari,krishna kaveri..beds • Natural gas- presently imported from middle east • Nuclear Energy- 2000 MW • Uranim 235 • Kerala – Thorium reserves…? Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

  7. Energy sources • We can create a more sustainable, cleaner & safer world by making wiser energy sources. • Energy is the fundamental vital force in driving daily lives. • Every one needs energy in some form or another. • Natural forms are- • light, • heat , • sound, • mechanical movement (kinetic energy), • Gravity ( potential energy), movement of electrons. Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

  8. As time progressed the rate of consumption also increased. • Presently consumption of energy is the main indicator of development. • “Energy can be neither be crated nor be destroyed” • Automobiles use energy from gas converted into chemeical energy. Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

  9. Energy sources are two types. • Renewable & Non renewable energy sources. • Renewable energy sources • Are directly available, immediatly accessed & can be replenished in short period of time. • Renewable energy comes from natural sources.( known as infinite energy sources) Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

  10. Renewable Energy Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

  11. Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

  12. Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

  13. Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

  14. Solar Thermo Electro generators- STEG • Solar energy used as thermal energy. Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

  15. Non Renewable energy • Cannot be made again. • Coal , petroleum,natural gas, uranium etc... • Over 85 % world energy are from non renewable . • Fossil fuel consumpton nearly doubled from 1900 every 20 years. Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

  16. Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

  17. Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

  18. Non renewable energy sources • 85%of energy consumed in the world is from non renewable sources. • Coal- most abundent form of fossil fuel. • 70% of india’s energy is consumed from coal. • Studies predict this energy last only for another 60 years. Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

  19. Crude oil: • available in the middle east. • 13 countries. • Organisation of petroleum exporting countries. • OPEC countries holds about 67% of worlds oil reseves. • In India onshore fields are identified in Mumbai, Gujarat, Assam,Arunachal pradesh. Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

  20. Natural Gas: The energy that the plants originally obtained from the sun is stored in the form of chemical bonds in the gas. • is a mixture of several gases. • Methane, eathane , propane, butane. • Burns completly & leaves no ashes. • Almost no pollution. • Iran & Iraq holds high natural gas. Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

  21. Natural Gas Extraction in cubic meters per year Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

  22. Natural gas coming out Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

  23. Nuclear Energy: • More countries are swiching to nuclear energy. • Uranium is used here. • Energy is produced through fission & fusion. • Like fossil fuels nuclear energy doesnot produces greenhouse emissions, but results in radioactive pollution. Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

  24. The Palo Verde Nuclear Generating Station- USA ( Arizona Desert )- Sewage from cities as Coolant Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

  25. Leibstadt fission-electric power station in Switzerland. 25 million KW hours per day- Power Boston Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

  26. conventional sources of energy. • Generally non renewable sources of energy which are used for long time.( coal,oil,natural gas). • 20th century energy need is mostly met by coal & oil. • Firewood Or Fuelwood. • Wood fuel is the major source of energy in developing countries. • Consists of energy that comes from woody biomass. • In India 2/3 of wood fuel plantations are non industrial & the firewood is used by families. Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

  27. Non Conventional energy sources/renewable • Pollution free.( But is in development stage). • Solar Energy. • Wind power. • Hydro-electric power. • Biomass. • Ocean thermal power. • Bio-fuel. • Tidal power. • Ocean wavepower. • Geothermal power. Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

  28. Geothermal power plant in iceland Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

  29. Geothermal energy is the heat from the Earth. • Heat from deep inside the Earth to generate steam to make electricity. • It's clean and sustainable. • Resources of geothermal energy range from the shallow ground to hot water and hot rock found a few miles beneath the Earth's surface. • Deeper to the extremely high temperatures of molten rock called magma • used to heat buildings, raise plants in greenhouses, dry out fish and crops, de-ice roads, improve oil recovery, aid in industrial processes like pasteurizing milk, and heat spas and water at fish farms. Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

  30. Ocean wavepower. Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

  31. Ocean wavepower • Ocean wave energy is captured directly from surface waves or from pressure fluctuations below the surface. • Waves are caused by the wind blowing over the surface of the ocean. • Areas of the world with abundant wave power resource includes • western coasts of Scotland, • northern Canada, • southern Africa, • Australia, • and the northwestern coast of the United States, particularly Alaska. Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

  32. Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

  33. Tidal Energy • Kinetic energy of the moving tidal water. • Happened due to the gravitational pull of sun & the moon. • Occurs periodically. • Can be deployed in certain regions only where tidal flow is high. • Potential power in India 15000 MW. • Areas identified- Gulf of Kutch, Sunderbans, Gulf Of cambay Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

  34. Tidal Energy Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

  35. OTEC • Warm region over surface & Cold over bottom • Value of temperature varies between 30 to 10 Degree. • 2 regions.( High & Low temperature).( heat source & Sink) • This is used to drive heat engines • Pressurized ammonia is vaporized in a heat exchanger. • Expand through a turbine to generate electricity • Cold seawater is pumped to condense the ammonia vapour…..( cyclic process) Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

  36. OTEC- Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

  37. Solar Energy Technologies • 0.1% of the solar energy that reaches earth the needs of earth can be fulfilled. ( Studies) • Solar water heating • Solar drying • Solar green houses • Solar refrigeration • Solar cooking • Solar furnaces. • Solar electricity.( photo electric cells) • Solar desalination. Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

  38. Advantages • Free • No pollution. • Can be used in remote areas. • Used in everyday items. • Worlds oil reserves may last for another 50 years only. Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

  39. Disadvantages • Can be harnessed in daytime only. • Expensive. • Solar stations does not match the output of conventional power stations. • Large area of land is required for capturing. • Solar batteries need to be replaced timely. • Solar capacity in india around 2500 MW • 916 MW in Gujarat • 947 MW in Madya Pradesh Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

  40. Fuel Cells • Generates electricity in chemeical reaction. • Has two electrodes. • Anode + Cathode + electrolite. • Basic fuel used is hydrogen / oxygen. • By product of reaction is harmless ( Water). • Produced DC Current. Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

  41. working • Platinum powder is used as anode catalyst. • Catalyst oxidizes hydrogen fuel. • Hydrogen gas turns into ions & electrons. • Ions reach cathode oxidizes it & produce water. • Electrons pass through wire. Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

  42. Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

  43. Different Types • 1. Alkali fuel cells.– • Generally use solution of pottasium hydroxide as their electrolite.( Compressed Hydroge & Oxygen) • 70 % efficiency. • Operating temperature 150-200 degree . • Output ranges from 300 W to 5 KW. Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

  44. 2. Molten carbonite fuel cell- • Uses sodium & magnesium carbonites as electrolytes. • ( Co3) • Efficiency 60-80% • Temparatue 650 degree. • Higher operating temperature is disadvantage. Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

  45. 3. Phosphoric Acid fuel cells. • Phosphoric acid as electrolite. • Efficiency 40-60% • Operating temperature 150-200 degree. Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

  46. 4. Proton exchange membrane fuel cell ( PEM) • Uses polymer electrolite • Efficiency 40-50% • Temparature 80 degree. • Output 50 to 200 Kw. • Used in automobiles, homes.... Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

  47. 5. Solid Oxide fuel cell( SOFC). • Calcium or zirconium oxides as electrolyte. • Efficiency 60% • Temperature 1000 degree. • Output 100 KW. Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

  48. Fuel cell Advantages • Compact • Light weight. • Less pollution. Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

  49. Fuel cell Disadvantages • Cost • Durability. Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

  50. Applications • Remote areas. • Hybrid & electric vehicles Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

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