Reform Movements and Manifest Destiny

1. Reform Movements and Manifest Destiny Chapter 2 Sections 2,3,4,5

2. Second Great Awakening • What was it? • Who was Involved? • What was the Outcome? • Protestant preachers believed that reviving religious participation was important for the country’s future. • Held revivals • Charles Grandison Finney • Influential revivalist • Joseph Smith • Founder of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints • New religions formed • LDS, Unitarian, African Methodist Episcopal • Religious Conflict • Mormons forced out of many states, Smith Murdered • Catholics and Jews discriminated • Irish catholic • Couldn’t hold office • Church and State Conflicts • No work on Sunday? • Created a reforming Spirit in the country

3. Reforming Sprit • Revivals lead to Change. • Dorothea Dix • Temperance Movement • Horace Mann • Duty to improve life on Earth • Improves Mental Health Care • Sunday school Teacher in Prisons • And Prison Reformer • Prison are to help people not to punish • Stop Alcohol Use • Society problems are liked to alcohol • “Maine Laws” • Education Improvements • Public Schools • State should regulate and standardize education • No physical Punishment • Increase in education numbers • Especially for women

4. Anti Slavery Movement • Why did it Start? • Abolitionists • The Underground Railroad • People realizing the hardships that were being forced on slaves • Violent Resistance on the Rise • Nat Turner • People who wanted an END to Slavery • Way to help people escape slavery • Secret network of conductors who hid slaves and helped them escape north • Harriet Tubman • One of the most successful conductors

5. Abolitionists • William Lloyd Garrison • Frederick Douglass • Henry David Thoreau • 1831 published the anti slavery newspaper the liberator • Called for emancipation • Freeing of slaves • Called for Equal rights • Born into slavery and taught to read and write • Spoke for abolition, wrote articles and biographies about slavery and abolition • Practiced Civil Disobedience to demonstrate for abolition

6. Resisting Abolition Southerners Northerners • Felt Slavery was Vital to the American way of life • Slavery helped the north because the north had the textile and shipping industry that depended on cotton production • Slave labor was superior to wage labor • Felt that slavery in Africa would have happened anyway and they were really helping the people • Feared that competitors would take American jobs • Feared the cotton supply would get cut off • Gag rule • Congress couldn’t debate slavery

7. Women's Movement • How did it start? • Who was involved? • Women had taken active roles in other movements and soon tried to gain rights for themselves • Women entering workplace gave more independence to women • Women started getting more time to think about society and their role in it • Sojourner Truth • Abolitionist and women's rights advocate • Gave great speeches calling for equality • Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton • Worked for abolition but could participate because they were women • Organized the Women’s Rights Convention (Seneca falls Convention) • Susan B Anthony • Major leader for women's rights, fought for suffrage

8. The Declaration of Sentiments • We hold these truths to be self evident: that all men and women are created equal… the history of mankind is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations on the part of man toward woman, having a direct object the establishment of an absolute tyranny over her. • Marked the beginning of the women's rights movement • Some victories on their way to larger ones later • Getting property rights • Later getting suffrage (way later)

9. Expansion and Conflict

10. Expansionists Grow • Expanding The United States • By 1830 the nation was filling up and expanding past the original borders and into the Louisiana Territory • People started looking at the territory beyond the borders • Mexico controls territory of Texas, New Mexico, and California • Share the Oregon Territory with Great Britain • Americans started favoring expansion • Expansionists

11. Manifest Destiny • Idea that the United States was DESTINED to own most of or all of North America • Democracy was ideal and the United States would spread it from Ocean to Ocean • At the expense of the native Americans, the Mexican People, and Slaves • Begins with trade Routes that connect the outer territory to the Untied States • Mountain men in the Rockies, Hunters in Oregon, the Santé Fe Trail etc.

12. The Oregon Trail • In 1836 two missionaries, Marcus and Narcissa Whitman, establish a route to the Oregon territory • Willamette valley, fertile open farmland • Killed by Natives because they were blamed for a small pox outbreak • But by then thousands were moving west on the Oregon, California, Utah and Santé fe trail

13. Journey West • Between 1840 to 1860 more than 260,000 Americans had crossed the continent to the west coast. • Started in Missouri in early spring • Traveled over 2,000 miles in groups from 50 to 1000 people. • Deadly journey but rewards were good if you made it to your destination • In 1847 the Mormons reached Utah following similar routes • by 1860 more than 40,000 Mormons lived in what is now Utah

14. Texas Independence