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Reconstruction

Reconstruction. The Destruction of the War. Presidential Reconstruction. Abraham Lincoln Wartime acts Emancipation Proclamation* War still in doubt Fugitive slaves Slaves boost Confed. Cause Northern morale Public opinion France and Britain Morality. Presidential Reconstruction.

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Reconstruction

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  1. Reconstruction

  2. The Destruction of the War

  3. Presidential Reconstruction • Abraham Lincoln • Wartime acts • Emancipation Proclamation* • War still in doubt • Fugitive slaves • Slaves boost Confed. Cause • Northern morale • Public opinion • France and Britain • Morality

  4. Presidential Reconstruction • Lincoln - 10% Plan* • 10% loyalty oath • Abolish slavery • Northern opposition • Wade-Davis Bill* • 50% Ironclad oath • 13th Amendment

  5. Presidential Reconstruction • Andrew Johnson* • General pardon • Col. M.F. Pleasants* • Voting = state issue • Secession illegal • Repudiate Confed. debt • Abolish slavery

  6. Black Codes* • Why? • Control • Disregard federal govt. • Fear black retaliation • Labor supply • Racism • Examples: • Freedmen no testify vs. whites • Vagrancy laws • Taxes • Whipped • Blacks called “servant”, whites called “master”

  7. Johnson’s declining popularity • Memphis riot* • Disputes with Congress • Freedmen’s Bureau • Civil Rights bill • 14th Amendment • 1866 Civil Rights Act • 1866 14th Amendment • Citizenship for all persons - regardless of race - born or naturalized in US • Forbade states from abridging privileges of citizens • Guaranteed due process of the law • Equal protection of the law • “Swing Around the Circle”*, 1866

  8. Congressional Reconstruction • Radical Republicans • Who were they? • Thaddeus Stevens, PA • Charles Sumner, MA • What were their goals? • Protection of freedmen and supporters • Full citizenship of freedmen • Win conservative support • Some extreme views • Strip Southerners of citizenship • Confiscate land

  9. Congressional Reconstruction • The Stevens Plan* • Federal officials supervise elections • Blacks vote • Whites stripped of citizenship

  10. Congressional Reconstruction • 1867 Congressional Reconstruction Act • 5 military districts • Military make arrests, trials • Military directs constitutions • Not extremely radical

  11. Johnson Impeachment • Impeachment of Johnson • Radical crusade • Failure: • Bring down presidential office • Lack of clear crime • Successor = Ben Wade • Lawyers • Johnson quiet

  12. Reconstruction Laws & Acts • 1870 15th Amendment • Forbade states to deny any citizen the right to vote on grounds of race, color, or previous condition of servitude

  13. Decline of the Radicals • Small in number • Johnson quiet • Radicals divided • Trouble staying in office • Death • U.S. Grant • Scandals: political appointments, favors to businessmen and railroads

  14. New Leadership in the South • Grant presidency • Northern military • Freedmen’s Bureau • Carpetbaggers, scalawags, black politicians • 1870, Union restored • Black politicians • 22 Congressmen • Too few for great impact

  15. Republican Reconstruction • Positive aspects: • Public education • Efficiency of government • Public buildings, roads, manufacturing • Social services (orphanages, hospitals, welfare) • Capital/investment • Political democracy

  16. Republican Reconstruction • Decline 1870s • Other concerns • Corruption, depression • Colfax Massacre • U.S. v. Cruikshank • “Compromise of 1877” • Dem. – Samuel J. Tilden, NY • Rep. – Rutherford B. Hayes, OH • Hayes wins, 185-184 • Republicans withdraw N support • Legacy of Reconstruction • “America’s unfinished revolution”

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