Human Trafficking Section

1. Human Trafficking Section Jason Sherman – Spring 2012

2. Logistics • Office Hours in Lamont Café from 7-10pm on Monday. Sign-Up available online. • Midterms

3. Game Today • 4 Teams • 3 Rounds • After each round, each team will get 3 minutes to decide which of the other 3 teams had the best single argument from the entire round • Must articulate the argument made and why you selected it • Each team selected by another team gets a point • Winning team: free pass on discussion questions

4. Key Issues • State mandated forced labor • Myanmar and China • Forced labor in prisons • For profit prisons • Debt • South Asia, Latin America, Africa – regional challenges ILO Forced Labor Report

5. Round 1: Traditional Slavery

6. Hypo • You are a researcher and journalist investigating slavery in Africa. You come across, talk to and film hereditary slaves. However, their masters deny that they are slave-masters, and the government, which claims slavery has been abolished and that there are no slaves, will not investigate or address situations of slavery. • What can you do?

7. Buying Slaves/Redemption • Purchasing freedom for slaves is an effective method of helping. Agree or disagree. • Cansu, Ian, and Carmen

8. Gendered Nature of Slavery • High proportion of enslaved females: female slaves can be used for reproduction (bearing children) and they can be incorporated into the household in a low status position. • Contrastingly, debt-bondage is mostly males or full families trapped in debt-bondage. Why the gender difference? • Bride Price: What do we see as the pros and cons of bride price? When does this cross the line into trafficking? • Justyna (4-5)

9. Causation or Correlation? • In lecture, Professor Patterson mentioned that factors like polygamy, bride price, warfare and pastoralism are “strongly correlated” with slavery. • Is the correlation random or is there any underlying network of causation connecting these factors?

10. Retaliation for Enforcement (Ana) • In the film, one of the escaped slaves mentioned that their owner planned on killing or castrating him for speaking out. If a slave owner knows that the government is coming to check for slaves and make sure that he is following the rules, looking at a 10-30 prison sentence, a motive exists for murder. • If these rules are actually enforced by the government, what will the slave owners do to save themselves and at what extent? • If this is a true possibility, how can the government eliminate the problem, without eliminating the enslaved?

11. Religion (michelle) • Niger has attempted both legal and religious measures to indirectly prevent slavery. Though a law decree was passed and Muslims are not permitted to be slaves according to their scripture, the problem persists and has probably gotten worse. • If both state and religious law dictate the illegality of slavery, however, why is this still the case? • What must be done for legal mandates / religious influence to actually make a difference in combating slavery?

12. Round 2: Bonded Labor

13. Hypo – Bonded Labor • In return for your tuition to XYZ university (with no financial), the U.S. Army binds you to 4 years of work with them. You could not have afforded to go otherwise. They send you to some of the worse areas of the world to work, if you leave it’s a dishonorable discharge (meaning it would be hard to find work ever again), you could be arrested for fleeing a war scene, and you need to pay back the military for the cost of tuition. • Bonded labor?

14. Patterson and Bonded Labor • Patterson definitely takes account of extreme bonded labors into his categorization of slavery • Corporeal ownership is such a critical component of slavery • Degradation of the slaves must add to an owners prestige • Masters of debt laborers are only interested in labor and not in possessing people. • When do you believe debt bondage reaches the level of slavery? Or is it always slavery? • Drawing the line between debt-bondage and slavery has proven to be a major source of contestation and debate in the global movement against forced labor. What kinds of social and economic policies can be implemented to darken the line distinguishing slavery and debt-bondage? Do we want it darkened? • Yariel (4-5)

15. Bales and Bonded Labor Many bonded labors can walk out and are free to go. Patterson claims that while it may take several years, most of them get out of debt bondage after they repay debts or they are rescued. Usually not a long-term relationship. • Is this something we should be stopping?

16. Bonded Labor and minimum wage • It seems that bonded labor, at least in places like India, is very engrained in the culture and way of life. What changes do you think can be made, governmentally or otherwise, to move away from the existence of bonded labor? • Jenna (3-4) • In India, more than 75% of citizens live on poverty-level incomes of less than two dollars per day. Increasing the minimum wage could alleviate this problem; what issues may arise if the government increases the minimum wage? • Elisabeth (3-4) • If a very veryvery low minimum wage was installed. Low enough that no one would mind paying, but high enough basically to get people to register their workers in a state department. It seems then it would be possible to regulate abuse and misuse. • Will (3-4)

17. Sharecropping (Nick 3-4) • What is sharecropping? • Do you consider it debt bondage or slavery or neither? • Should the practice be banned (as it is in the U.S.)?

18. Debt Bondage Redemption • If law enforcement efforts could ensure that producers would not employ any future laborers under a debt bondage system, would it be right to end debt bondage by simply paying off the $4.5 billion total existing debts through international funding? Is it wrong to purchase someone’s freedom if it means an enslaver makes money? • Julie (3-4)

19. Round 3: Prison and State Labor

20. Prison Labor Hypo (Carmen) • Hypo based on the ILO reading: Jay is serving a 25 year prison sentence. He is forced to work in a coal mine for the government 12 hours a day and makes only about $30 for the week. He uses the money to buy the food/clothing that he needs. Despite horrible working conditions and long hours, he says that he prefers working to just sitting in his cell. Does this situation require intervention? If so, what?

21. Forced Labor in Prisons • Private organizations are not allowed to exact profit from prison labor, while state run prisons are not subject to the same provisions. • E.g., Re-Education Through Labor (RETL) in China • Should we allow prisons to profit from prisoners to pay for holding them? • Are the negative stigmas surrounding prison-produced goods alterable? If so, should this stigma be altered or does it exist for good reasons? • Mike (3-4)

22. State Sponsored Forced Labor • Forced labor in Myanmar and in some central Asian countries for development. • Should states be allowed to require citizens to perform some labor? • What if they can’t pay taxes? • Military Draft?

23. Round 3: Final Round

24. Hypothetical • Skinner did research on people from desperately poor fishing villages who voluntarily go work on deep-sea fishing vessels despite the dangerous work. They know that they will be verbally and physically (sometimes sexually) abused. They are bound by a contract that they signed. If they walked away they would end up in financial ruin. • Should we allow this?

25. Solutions • What is the most effective means of combating debt slavery, and what is preventing it from being implemented? • Dolapo (4-5) and Brecka (4-5)