Human Trafficking Section

1. Human Trafficking Section Jason Sherman – Spring 2012

2. Logistics • Midterms Returned Today After Section • Promise! • Final Papers • DQ’s

3. Child Soldiers

4. Child Soldiers • >2 million children killed • 6 million maimed or permanently disabled • 1 million orphaned • 10 million suffer psychological trauma • 12 million refugees due to child soldiering

5. Child Solider Laws • Children in Armed Conflict Protocol: • Minimum age 18 for direct participation in hostilities, compulsory recruitment, any recruitment by non-governmental armed groups • Informed consent from child and parents, proof of age • Geneva and Additional Protocol Standards: • Special protection for children, account for immaturity • Children under 15 forbidden from direct participation • Under 8 forbidden from forced labor • Under 18 no death penalty • Forbid revenge, murder, torture, mutilation, brutality

6. Solutions • International Statutes? • Yariel (4-5) • Greater Prosecution? • Engaging Conflict Groups? • Shaming Techniques? • Patrick (3-4) • For any other type of child labor, the physical advantages of children are obvious but what is the advantage behind child soldiers? • Cansu (4-5)

7. Punishment True Hypo • A 15 year old Serbian boy was arrested and sent to the International Criminal Tribunal. His family was killed by people he believes are Bosnians, so was recruited by a Serbian militia to take up arms against the Bosnians. He was never explicitly forced to join or stay (though if he left he had heard of some reprisals). The boy has killed many Bosnian innocents. • How would you rule? Should he be held accountable? • Shannel (4-5)

8. Punishing Children in US • Should children under the age be allowed to be sentenced to execution for their heinous crimes? • Should children under the age be allowed to be sentenced to life-without-parole?

9. Punishing Children • In 2005, the U.S. Supreme Court declared in Roper v. Simmons that death by execution is unconstitutional for juveniles. Before the ruling, 365 children had been legally executed in the United States, including 22 since 1985. • BUT, Miller v. Alabamaand Jackson v. Hobbs in 2012 stated that juveniles could be given life without parole.

10. Haitian Resteveks

11. A Crime So MonstrousE. Benjamin Skinner • Haiti has a long history of slavery and exploitation of children • Restaveks – “stay-withs” – forced, unpaid child laborers • Brigade for the Protection of Minors (BPM) – tasked as the first response agency for fielding abuse reports and rescuing restaveks – little funding/few resources, no authority • Agreements to exchange children between families are legal • Middlemen mediate the “placement” of children to lower middle class families, but lower-class families have this service performed for free by family members and acquaintences • Increasing schooling in the rural villages could potentially decrease the percentage of families sending children into slaver from 95 to 60

12. Haiti • Extreme poverty in Haiti • 70% with no formal employment , over 10,000 street kids (some selling unprotected sex for $1.75), huge percentage of people with HIV • It has become magnet for sex tourists and pedophiles • Household income for a slave-owning family in Haiti is under $30 a month • 2 of 5 children mortality rate • So they try and have more children to compensate

13. Haitian Resteveks • Restaveks – a child in who is sent by his or her parents to work for a host household as a domestic servant because the parents lack the resources required to support the child.  • United Nations: a "modern form of slavery“ • No contact with family • No education or pay • Poor living conditions and food • Acceptable in Haitian culture • 300,000 of them (country of 8M) • Many turned away at age 15 when they would have to be paid, or when they get pregnant

14. RestevekQuestions • What type of solutions do you think could help eliminate the resteveksystem? • Education? • Vocational Training for Children (Will 3-4) • Jobs? (Megan 3-4) • Billboard and Media Campaigns • Should all restevek exchanges be illegal? • If not, when should it become illegal?

15. U.S. Variant • A poor illegal immigrant mother cant find any "legal" employment. The man next door needs help with his yard so he has offered to take her boy in and pay him for his work. The mother gets deported in the midst of this arrangement and the boys time is running out, the man offers to keep him around if he does work in exchange for his housing and food but he will no longer be paid. Should we allow this to happen in the U.S.? • Blindside?

16. Cocoa Farms

17. Cocoa Farms • Prices have been steadily rising in the past 8 years. • Côte d’Ivoire attracts boys at age 13 to come earn money for their family. • Children (12-16) are often he ones completing the hazardous tasks involving machetes, pesticides, and heavy loads. • Heavy suspicion of trafficking

18. Cocoa Farms • Unemployment in Côte d’Ivoire exceeds 40% for adults. Why are they turning to children from other countries then? • Why are young children enslaved so much more than older children? • What’s different about cocoa relative to other goods produced? • Why is there so much poverty in spite of importance of cocoa on world market? • Farmers do not earn enough to support themselves • Why are they paid so little for their crop? • Isolation from global value chains?

19. Solutions/Fair Trade • What is fair trade? • Do you think its actually helpful? • How much more are you willing to pay for a $1 chocolate bar that is certified fair trade? • Solutions • Governments requiring the purchase of fair trade • Sarah (3-4) vs. Julie (3-4) • Tax incentives for companies providing fair trade • Will (3-4pm) • U.S. Intervention into those countries Ana (4-5pm)