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MALARIA

MALARIA. What is it?. Disease transmitted by the bite of mosquito infected with the protist Plasmodium . What are the symptoms?. Early stage: “Flu-like” (high fever,chills, muscle pain) Progressive stage: Heart, lung, kidney or brain damage Death. How do people get infected?.

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MALARIA

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  1. MALARIA

  2. What is it? • Disease transmitted by the bite of mosquito infected with the protist Plasmodium.

  3. What are the symptoms? • Early stage: • “Flu-like” (high fever,chills, muscle pain) • Progressive stage: • Heart, lung, kidney or brain damage • Death

  4. How do people get infected? • Bitten by the Anopheles mosquito • Plasmodium life cycle:

  5. Where is malaria found? • Tropical Africa, Asia, Central and South America • Poor sanitation contributes to high cases

  6. How to avoid malaria? • Anti-malarial drugs before, during, and after travel to an area where malaria is present. • Genetic resistance . . . ?

  7. Sickle cell Anemia • Defective hemoglobin causes red blood cells to be shaped like a sickle (half moon) • Abnormal red blood cells block blood vessels

  8. Sickle Cell Anemia • Codominance • Both alleles are fully expressed. • Alleles • R = round-shaped • R’ = sickle-shaped • Genotypes • RR = all round (no anemia) • RR’ = some sickle (no serious effect) • R’R’ = sickle cells anemia

  9. Human Genetics • R’ allele is common among Africans – Why? • Provides immunity to malaria • Sickled red blood cells are deficient in potassium – needed for Plasmodium • What would be the best genotype to have in the tropical region of the world?

  10. Parasitic Relationship • Parasite – Plasmodium • Host – human • Vector – transmits the disease • Mosquito • EACH ARE INFLUENCING THE EVOLUTION OF ONE ANOTHER!

  11. Mosquito Evolution • Humans apply pesticides (DDT) • “Most” mosquitoes die • The survivors are genetically immune to the toxin. • Survivors pass genetic immunity to offspring • Soon entire population has evolved immunity!

  12. Plasmodium Evolution • Humans take anti-malarial drugs • “Most” plasmodium die • The survivors are genetically immune to the toxin. . . .(evolution)

  13. Human Evolution • Majority of population of tropical zone are immune to malaria. How? • Mutations in hemoglobin

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