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Ranking of Energy Solutions to Global Warming, Air Pollution, and Energy Security

Ranking of Energy Solutions to Global Warming, Air Pollution, and Energy Security. Mark Z. Jacobson Atmosphere/Energy Program Dept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering Stanford University. Lifecycle CO 2 e of Electricity Sources. Low Estimate. High Estimate. g-CO 2 e/kWh.

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Ranking of Energy Solutions to Global Warming, Air Pollution, and Energy Security

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  1. Ranking of Energy Solutions to Global Warming, Air Pollution, and Energy Security Mark Z. Jacobson Atmosphere/Energy Program Dept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering Stanford University

  2. Lifecycle CO2e of Electricity Sources Low Estimate High Estimate g-CO2e/kWh

  3. CO2e From Current Power Mix due to Planning-to-Operation Delays, Relative to Wind Low Estimate High Estimate g-CO2e/kWh

  4. Total CO2e of Electricity Sources Low Estimate High Estimate g-CO2e/kWh

  5. Low/High U.S. Air Pollution Deaths/yr For 2020 Upon Conversion of U.S. Vehicle Fleet Deaths/yr Nuclear Terrorism or War Low Estimate High Estimate WindBEV WindHFCV CSPBEV PVBEV GeoBEV TidalBEV WaveBEV HydroBEV NuclearBEV CCSBEV Corn E85 Cell E85 Gasoline

  6. Area to Power 100% of U.S. Onroad Vehicles Wind-BEV Footprint 1-2.8 km2 Turbine spacing 0.35-0.7% of US Nuclear-BEV 0.05-0.062% Footprint 33%of total; the rest is buffer Cellulosic E85 4.7-35.4% of US Geoth BEV 0.006-0.008% Solar PV-BEV 0.077-0.18% Corn E85 9.8-17.6% of US

  7. Matching Hourly Summer 2020 Electricity Demand with 100% Renewables (No Change in Hydro) Power (MW) Total Demand Hydro Solar Wind Geothermal

  8. World Wind Speeds at 100m m/s 90 10 8 0 6 4 All wind worldwide: 1700 TW; All wind over land in high-wind areas outside Antarctica ~ 70-170 TW World power demand 2030: 16.9 TW -90 2 -180 -90 0 90 180 Annual wind speed 100 m above topography (m/s) (global: 7.0; land: 6.1; sea: 7.3)

  9. Overall Ranking Cleanest solutions to global warming, air pollution, energy security Electric Power Recommended • Wind • CSP • Geothermal • Tidal • PV • Wave • Hydroelectricity Not Recommended • Nuclear • Coal-CCS Vehicle Power Recommended • Wind – BEVs • Wind – HFCVs • CSP – BEVs • Geothermal – BEVs • Tidal – BEVs • PV – BEVs • Wave – BEVs • Hydro – BEVs Not Recommended • Nuclear – BEVs • Coal-CCS – BEVs • Corn ethanol • Cellulosic ethanol

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