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AV- Growth of Government

AV- Growth of Government. Back. The Roots of Bureaucracy. Foreign Affairs, War, Treasury were first departments. Growth in early 1800s with Post Office. Patronage and the spoils system become common. Civil War spawns another expansion. Creates department of Agriculture

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AV- Growth of Government

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  1. AV- Growth of Government Back

  2. The Roots of Bureaucracy • Foreign Affairs, War, Treasury were first departments. • Growth in early 1800s with Post Office. • Patronage and the spoils system become common. • Civil War spawns another expansion. Creates department of Agriculture • Pendleton Act (Chester A. Arthur) is beginning of modern civil service system • Also known as merit system, requiring exam and hiring based on merit • Teddy Roosevelt creates department of Labor and Commerce, 1903 • Creation of independent regulatory commissions. (ICC, FDA, etc)-to regulate abuses of business • Passage of 16th Amendment (Income tax) during Progressive era allows for expansion • ? Are these early expansions necessary?

  3. Twentieth-Century Bureaucracy • Growing number of cabinet departments. • Need for a larger government to support wars. • New Deal- To combat failings of laissez-faire capitalism, FDR created hundreds of new regulatory agencies • LBJ- Great Society (HUD, Dept of Transportation, EEOC)

  4. Figure 9.1- Civilian Employment  Back

  5. Modern Bureaucracy • More than 2.7 million employees. • Most are selected based on merit- 90%. The other 10% are appointed policy making positions • Also have high-level appointees- Cabinet heads must go through Senate approval process- “advise and consent” • Wide variety of skills represented. • Less diverse than America. • Scattered throughout D.C. and regional offices. • Growth of outside contractors in recent years, esp. in Conservative administrations

  6. Figure 9.2- Employee Characteristics Back

  7. Figure 9.3- Agency Regions  Back

  8. Formal Organization • 4 types of Agencies • 1. Cabinet departments handle broad, lasting issues-15 total • Headed by secretaries-confirmed by Senate • 2. Government corporations act like businesses- (eg. Amtrak, TVA) • 3. Independent executive agencies handle services (NASA, EPA) • Narrower than Cabinet department, independent. • 4. Independent regulatory commissions watch industry (OHSA, NLRB, SEC, FCC) • Designed to be free from partisan pressure- not replaced when new President enters office

  9. Figure 9.4- The Executive Branch Back

  10. Government Workers and Politics • Hatch Act sets first boundaries (1939)- prevents civil servants from working on partisan political campaigns, making political contributions, working for a party and for campaigning • Federal Employees Political Act is current standard (1993)- liberalized the Hatch Act- civil servants now allowed to run for office in nonpartisan campaigns and to contribute money to partisan campaigns

  11. Table 9.1- FEPA  Back

  12. Characteristics of Bureaucracy • Chain of command from top to bottom. • Division of labor. • Clear lines of authority. • Goal orientation. • Merit system. • Judged by productivity.

  13. The workings of the BureaucracyIron Triangles/Issue Networks • Congress creates Bureaucratic agencies and funds them. • Main job is of Agencies is implementation of laws- Process of agencies making rules on industry, spending $ appropriating and executing executive wishes. • Policy concerning issues are made in iron triangles or issue networks (stable relationships between Bureaucratic agencies, Interest groups/business, and congressional committees) • Example of Iron Triangle of Social Security spending • Interest group-AARP, Pharmaceutical Companies • Congressional Committee- House committee on aging • Bureaucratic Agency- Social Security Administration, Department of HHS

  14. Figure 9.5- An Iron Triangle  Back

  15. The Iron Triangle (Issue Network) of Tobacco

  16. Making Policy • Administrative discretion allows a lot of latitude- laws written vaguely with many compromises- allows agencies flexibility in implementation • Rule-making is a quasi-legislative process- has the force of law, printed in Federal Register and take effect 30 days after printing. • Formal procedure for making regulations. • Administrative adjudication is quasi-judicial process- independent judges hear arguments for the agency • Used to settle disputes between two parties.

  17. Agency Accountability • Unclear who agencies should be accountable to. • Presidents try to make the right appointments. • Can also shape policy through executive orders. • Congress can use oversight powers (usually hearings) and funding (power of the purse). • Judiciary can review regulations.

  18. Figure 9.6- Rulemaking Back

  19. Table 9.2- Agency Accountability Back

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