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Risk assessment for a biocontrol agent can be informed by knowledge of:

4 th International Symposium on Biological Control of Arthropods, Pucon , Chile 4-8 th March 2013. Natural Host Range of Microctonus aethiopoides Loan (Hymenoptera: Braconidae ) in Morocco: could it help predict host range in new areas?.

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Risk assessment for a biocontrol agent can be informed by knowledge of:

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  1. 4th International Symposium on Biological Control of Arthropods, Pucon, Chile 4-8th March 2013 Natural Host Range of Microctonusaethiopoides Loan (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) in Morocco: could it help predict host range in new areas? • Barratt BIP1, Oberprieler RG2, Barton DM1,Mouna M3, Stevens M 4, Alonso-Zarazaga MA5, Vink CJ1, • Ferguson, CM1 • 1AgReseArch NZ • 2CSIRO AUStralia • 3InstitutScientifique, rabat, Morocco • 4DPI, NSW, Australia • 5MuseoNacional de CienciasNaturales(CSIC), • Madrid, spain

  2. Natural range summary novel range Risk to NZ? Background • Risk assessment for a biocontrol agent can be informed by knowledge of: • Natural host range (hosts in area of origin) • and • Novel host-range (hosts in a new receiving environment) • Regulators often request these data as part of RA • e.g. FAO ‘Code of Conduct’ (1996)

  3. Natural range summary novel range Risk to NZ? Background Case study • Parasitoid:Microctonus aethiopoides Loan (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) • Solitary, koinobiont endoparasitoid of • the adult stage of its host • 1977 Morocco to Australia • 1982 NZ from Australia to control SitonadiscoideusGyllenhal • Effective biocontrol agent esp. in NZ Since release: NZ - 19 non-target weevil species (14 native spp.) AUS – 1 non-target native sp. Barratt BIP et al. (2010) Biological Control 52: 245–254

  4. Natural range summary novel range Risk to NZ? Background objective • Determine retrospectively: • would better knowledge of the natural host range of M. aethiopoides in Morocco • and • novel host-range in Australia • have helped predict host range in NZ?

  5. Natural range summary novel range Risk to NZ? Background Known host range • Loan (1975), Aeschlimann (1980) • Sitona8 spp. • Hypera 3 spp. • ….but is it actually wider than this?

  6. Natural range summary novel range Risk to NZ? Background morocco • Sampled monthly (Sep-May) in 3 lucerne-growing regions: • Rabat – 3 sites (coastal plains) • Marrakech – 3 sites (inland semi-arid) • Ar-Rachidia – 4 sites (arid oasis) Blower-vac in lucerne and surrounding vegetation Rabat Ar-Rachidia Marrakech Morocco

  7. Rabat

  8. Ar-Rachidia

  9. Natural range summary novel range Risk to NZ? Background morocco • Weevils sent to NZ: • identified • dissected for parasitism • parasitoid larvae kept for • molecular ID

  10. Natural range summary novel range Risk to NZ? Background morocco Collected 3,642 weevils – 84% S. discoideus 46 species (4 families, 11 subfamilies, 23 tribes) *Vink C.J. et al. (2012) BioControl57: 751-758

  11. Natural range summary novel range Risk to NZ? Background Known host range • Added another two host species in genus Charagmus, (C. gressorius and C. griseus) • Charagmus formerlya subgenus of Sitona* • *Velazquez de Castro et al. (2007)

  12. Natural range summary novel range Risk to NZ? Background Known host range • Charagmus griseus Entiminae: Sitonini • Charagmus gressorius Entiminae: Sitonini • Sitona discoideus Entiminae: Sitonini • Sitona hispidulus Entiminae: Sitonini • Sitona lepidus Entiminae: Sitonini • Sitona lineatus Entiminae: Sitonini • Sitona macularius Entiminae: Sitonini • Sitona puncticollis Entiminae: Sitonini • Sitona sulcifrons Entiminae: Sitonini • Sitona tenuis Entiminae: Sitonini • Hypera meles Hyperinae: Hyperini • Hypera nigrirostris Hyperinae: Hyperini • Hypera postica Hyperinae: Hyperini

  13. Natural range summary novel range Risk to NZ? Background australia

  14. Natural range summary novel range Risk to NZ? Background australia • 2001 – survey of NT parasitism by M. aethiopoides • 25 sites in SE Australia • Single incidence of NT parasitism at Yanco Agric. Inst. NSW • Prosayleus sp. 2 (Entiminae: Leptopiini) • Barratt et al. 2005. Australian • Journal of Entomology 44: 192-200 NSW SA Yanco ‘Prosayleus’ sp. 2 (Entiminae: Leptopiini) VIC

  15. Natural range summary novel range Risk to NZ? Background australia • Sampled at Yanco in dryland and irrigated lucerne • 3,338 weevils collected, 90% S. discoideus • 13 other weevil spp. (3 families; 7 sub-families; 11 tribes) • Parasitism found only in S. discoideus

  16. Natural range summary novel range Risk to NZ? Background New Zealand

  17. Natural range summary novel range Risk to NZ? Background New Zealand • Eugnomussp.1 Curculioninae: Eugnomini • Listroderesdelaiguei * Cyclominae: Listroderini • Listronotusbonariensis * Cyclominae: Listroderini • Steriphusvariabilis Cyclominae: Listroderini • Irenimus aemulator Entiminae: Leptopiini • Irenimus aequalis Entiminae: Leptopiini • Irenimus albosparsus Entiminae: Leptopiini • Irenimus duplex Entiminae: Leptopiini • Irenimus egens Entiminae: Leptopiini • Irenimus similis Entiminae: Leptopiini • Irenimus stolidus Entiminae: Leptopiini • Nicaeana cervina Entiminae: Leptopiini • Nicaeana cinerea Entiminae: Leptopiini • Nicaeana fraudator Entiminae: Leptopiini • Nicaeana sp. 1 Entiminae: Leptopiini • Nonnotusalbicans Entiminae: Leptopiini • Sitonalepidus* Entiminae: Sitonini • Rhinocyllusconicus* Lixinae: Cleonini • Atrichonotustaeniatulus* Entiminae: Naupactini • *exotic species Barratt BIP et al. (2010) Biological Control 52: 245–254.

  18. Natural range summary novel range Risk to NZ? Background What we thought • Only known hosts of M. aethiopoides in genera Sitona and Hypera • Neither genus (or their tribes) occur naturally in NZ • Considered to be in separate sub-families • Entiminae and Hyperinae • Minimal requirement for quarantine testing in NZ in 1980s; no NT attack detected; no risk predicted

  19. Natural range summary novel range Risk to NZ? Background What we know now • Recent molecular phylogenetic analyses have suggested that ‘Hyperinae’ and ‘Entiminae’ are more closely related than previously thought: Hundsdörfer, A.K., Rheinheimer, J. and Wink, M., 2009. ZoologischerAnzeiger248: 9–31 • 16S - sister-group relationship between Hyperinae and Sitonini McKenna DM, Sequeira AS, Marvaldi AE, Farrell BD 2009. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 106: 7083–7088. • 4 nuclear and 2 mitochondrial genes - found Hypera nested within Entiminae Haran J, Timmermans MJTN, Vogler AP 2013. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2012.12.022 • mitochondrial genome – recovered Hypera as the sister-group of Entiminae Gunter, Oberprieler et al. (submitted) • comprehensive molecular analysis of Australian weevils - Hyperinaeclustering as the sister-group of Entiminae

  20. Natural range summary novel range Risk to NZ? Background Would it have helped? • The combination of evidence that: • The natural host range is quite close phylogenetically • In Australia a species of Prosayleus (Entiminae: Leptopiini) was found to be a host • In NZ Leptopiini are well represented • In Morocco, Entiminae are well represented but NOT Leptopiini - scarcely (if at all) represented • Probably sufficient to suggest that native NZ Leptopiini should have been tested • NT parasitism would have been detected

  21. Natural range summary novel range Risk to NZ? Background • Does knowledge of natural host range help predict host range in new areas of introduction? • It can provide a valuable contribution to RA provided: • Phylogenetic relationships are well understood • The fauna of the natural and receiving range is well known • Can be assisted by knowledge of host range in other new areas of introduction

  22. acknowledgements • Colleagues in AgResearch and the Research Collaboration ‘Better Border Biosecurity’ • Funding: • Foundation for Research, Science and Technology • Department of Conservation

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