The Middle Ages: 400 - 1500

1. The Middle Ages: 400 - 1500 Collapse and Recovery

2. Beyond Rome • The fall of the Roman Empire brought in a new “age”: THE MIDDLE AGES. • It was a time of turmoil and change during which two new religions brought forth three great civilizations: • Byzantine (Eastern empire) civilization (Christianity) • Western Europe/Germany (Christianity) • Muslim (south and East of Mediterranean) Empire (Islam)

3. Use pages 265 and 291 to label Europe in 400 BCE and 1050 BCE: 1. Spain 2.Britain 3. Ireland 4. Scotland 5. Gaul/France 6. Africa 7. Italy 8. Egypt 9. Greece 10.Constantinople 11. Byzantine Empire 12. Russia 13. Norway 14. Sweden Shade Europe using three colours to divide between Christian areas in 476 BCE Christian areas in 1050 BCE Muslim areas by 1050 BCE Do you notice much difference between 400 and 1050 BCE? Map of Medieval Europe

4. The Age of Chivalry • Reading introduction, page 264. • The medieval period was full of warfare. • Living conditions were primitive and difficult for the lower classes. • Even for the upper class, life was not as advanced in the Middle Ages as compared to the Roman period.

5. What’s in a Word? • Medieval • “medium aevum” ~ the middle age • The Medieval Period in divided into two phases: • Early Middle Ages: 476 to 1050 BCE • Also known as Dark Ages • Late Middle Ages: 1050 to 1450 BCE

6. The Kingdom of the Franks • The largest and most powerful Kingdom • Clovis (5th century) became ruler of the Franks (Gaul) and is seen as the founder of the French monarchy. • He converted to Christianity thus establishing Christianity in Western Europe. • In 732, Muslim invaders attempted to capture the Frankish kingdom but failed. • The Frankish leader secured his kingdom by forming an alliance with the Catholic Church and providing them with land outside of Rome, becoming “the Papal States”.

8. Charlemagne • Charles came to rule the kingdom of the Franks in 768 BCE. • He initiated several wars to increase the size of his kingdom and became known as “Charles the Great” and Charlemagne • December 25, 800, the pope crowned Charlemagne “Emperor of the Romans.”

9. European Invasions • Western Europe suffered many threats to its boundaries: • Hungarians from Asia • Muslims attacking Italy • Germanic Vikings from Norway, Sweden and Denmark.

10. Pagan warriors. Had well-designed ships Burned and looted towns, castles, churches, and monasteries. In 911, the king of the Franks surrendered part of northern France to the Vikings (Normandy). Around 1000, a group of Vikings led by Leif Ericson sailed across the Atlantic to North America, where traces of their settlement still remain in Newfoundland. The Vikings

11. Britain • Britain (Ireland, Scotland, Britain) became one united front against invasions from the Vikings. • In 1066, the Duke of Normandy invaded England with an army of 7000. • He won the ensuing battle and became the first Norman king of England. • All British monarchs trace their ancestry back to William.

12. The Crusades • Western Europe was united in their religious identity: the Christian Faith. • The Crusades: a series of holy wars waged against non-Christian Arabs, Turks, and Moors (Mostly Muslims). • Crusade: “cross” in French/Spanish ~ the uniforms of the Christian soldiers had large crosses across the chest.

14. The Holy Wars • Since 100, Christians had been making pilgrimages to “The Holy Land” (Jerusalem). • Muslims and Arabs conquered this area (Palestine) in 600 but they tolerated the pilgrims. • In 1071, however, some extremist Muslims closed off Palestine to the Christians. • Pope Urban II called upon all the Western European kingdoms to prepare for a Holy War. • Urban II believed that the Holy Land had to be returned to Christianity. • He also wanted to reunite the two churches and to end war. • Soldiers were promised: • Forgiveness of their sins • A share of the spoils of war • Release from debts and punishments

16. Urban II: Letter of Instruction to the Crusaders, December 1095 Urban, bishop, servant of the servants of God, to all the faithful, both princes and subjects, waiting in Flanders; greeting, apostolic grace, and blessing. Your brotherhood, we believe, has long since learned from many accounts that a barbaric fury has deplorably afflicted and laid waste the churches of God in the regions of the Orient… Grieving with pious concern at this calamity, we visited the regions of Gaul and devoted ourselves largely to urging the princes of the land and their subjects to free the churches of the East. We solemnly enjoined upon them at the council of Auvergne (the accomplishment of) such an undertaking, as a preparation for the remission of all their sins… • Source: August. C. Krey, The First Crusade: The Accounts of Eyewitnesses and Participants, (Princeton: 1921), 42-43

17. The Four Wars • First Crusade (1096) • 34,000 soldiers • Europeans won capturing Palestine in 1099 • Second Crusade (1147) • Muslims had retaken some Christian states so Europe attacked and failed. • Third Crusade (1187) • Saracen leader, Saladin, captured Jerusalem so Western Europe attacked. • Richard the Lionheart, known from the “Robin Hood” legend, fought. • Both sides called a truce in 1192. • Fourth Crusade (1202) • Crusaders attacked and captured Constantinople

18. Comparison Reading • Class in two, reading two handouts. • In your “expert” group, identify what the article reveals about the crusade. • Be prepared to provide a summary for another group who have not read that article.

19. The Results of the Crusades • Kings became powerful (knights who may have challenged them died in the wars) • Europeans discovered the cultures and riches of the East (cotton, spices, sugar, perfumes) • Trade revived between East and West.