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1. Yeah! Flip Play Learn English!

2. Paragraph ♥ Writing with structure and style ♥

3. Meet the Essay Man! INTRODUCTION THESIS (Argument + A, B, and C supports) A BODY B C CONCLUSION

5. Our Objectives • to identify topic sentence and supporting details in a paragraph • to explain how unity, coherence, and emphasis in paragraph writing are achieved • to analyze sample paragraphs based on their modes of development

6. Our Focus A. Structure 1. Development a. Unity b. Coherence c. Emphasis 2. Organization B. Style 1. Introductory paragraph 2. Transition paragraph 3. Concluding paragraph

7. Unity • means “oneness” • the sentences in a paragraph develop a single central idea Two ways to achieve this: a. thru developing one topic sentence b. thru the clincher sentence

8. Unity through developing one topic sentence For indigenous people, the land is the source of life – a gift from the creator that nourishes, supports and teaches. Although indigenous peoples vary widely in their customs, culture, and impact on the land, all consider the Earth like a parent and revere it accordingly. ‘Mother Earth’ is the centre of the universe, the core of their culture, the origin of their identity as a people. She connects them with their past (as the home of ancestors), with the present (as provider of their material needs), and with the future (as the legacy they hold in trust for their children and grandchildren). In this way, indigenousness carries with it a sense of belonging to a place.

9. For beginning writers It is advisable to write a topic sentence and use it as guide to ensure the unity of the paragraph. But once you have gained mastery, you may choose not to write the topic sentence explicitly. Just keep the idea in mind and relate the other sentences to it.

10. Sample paragraph with implied topic sentence The Pantranco bus station was bustling with people, but no one spoke to Azon. She saw men and women smile and greet one another, shake hands, kiss or embrace in welcome or goodbye. Holding hands, some couples smiled and talked with endearment. How she envied them all. There were hundreds in that bus station but no one stopped to smile at her nor to talk to her. She felt a knife in her heart as she remembered the barrio she had left. Can you state the topic sentence?

11. Why do you think the author did not explicitly state the topic sentence? Topic Sentence: Among hundreds of people, Azon felt alone.

12. Unity through the clincher sentence The Spaniards came to the Philippines to spread Christianity. More than that, the Spaniards wanted to expand their empire and extend their colonial power here. In addition, the promise of rich natural resources and lucrative trade beckoned to them. Yes, they came for the three G’s – for God, for glory, and for gold!

13. Homework: Choose the best topic sentence for Paragraph 1. A) The indigenous people of the world possess an immense knowledge of their environments, based on centuries of living close to nature. B) Living in and from the richness and variety of complex ecosystems, they have an understanding of the properties of plants and animals, the functioning of ecosystems and the techniques for using and managing them that is particular and often detailed. C) In rural communities in developing countries, locally occurring species are relied on for many – sometimes all – foods, medicines, fuel, building materials and other products. D) Equally, people’s knowledge and perceptions of the environment, and their relationships with it, are often important elements of cultural identity.

14. Examine Paragraph 2 and identify the function of each sentence. Choose from the following: • Topic sentence • Supporting details • Irrelevant sentence • Clincher sentence

15. A) The communication of traditional knowledge is hampered today by competition from Western-derived cultures that captures the imagination of the young. B) They are bombarded by technology that teaches them non-indigenous ways, and limits the capacity of the elders to pass on traditional knowledge to the young. C) Mobile phones and other gadgets are popularly used by the young. D) They are exposed to media that depict themes far from their realities. E) Since the Western-derived cultures come in “cool and fancy” packages, the young prefer these over the traditional ones.

16. Homework Submission Format: Submit next meeting (October 13-15). Write answer in one half crosswise yellow paper.

17. Coherence The sentences are woven together in such a way that a reader moves easily from one sentence to the next and reads the paragraph as a whole unit, not as a series of separate sentences. 3 ways to achieve this: a) thru pronoun reference b) thru repetition c) thru transitional devices

18. Thru Pronoun Reference Surprisingly, the majority of parentsI have spoken to have experienced partial or total ignorance of the music their children are dancing to, doing homework to, falling asleep to. Most claim they don’t listen to rock or can’t understand the words if they do. They also admit that they don’t want to add another item to the laundry list of the things they already monitor -- movies, books, magazines, parties, friends, homework.    

19. Thru Repetition America, the richest and most powerful nation in the world can well lead the way in this revolution of values. There is nothing but a lack of social vision to prevent us from paying an adequate wage to every American citizen, whether he be a hospital worker, laundry worker, maid, or day laborer. There is nothing except shortsightedness to prevent us from guaranteeing an annual minimum-and livable income for every American family. There is nothing except a tragic death wish, to prevent us from reordering our priorities, so the pursuit of peace will take precedence over the pursuit of war. There is nothing to keep us from remolding a recalcitrant status quo with bruised hands until we have fashioned it into a brotherhood. – Martin Luther King. Jr.

20. Thru Transitional Devices Monday mornings are difficult for most people. They often wake up groggy, despite the fact that they have had two days of rest. A recent survey showed that, on average, people drink more coffee on Mondays than on any other day of the week. Perhaps having to face the work week yet again is psychologically daunting for most people, even for those of us who like our jobs. Moreover, a lot of people say that they feel depressed on Monday mornings because the weekend seems so far away. For this reason, some jobs offer flextime, allowing their employees to work longer hours Tuesday through Friday so that they can take off a certain number of Mondays during the year.

21. Examples of transitional words and expressions: Contrast - However; In contrast; Whereas Choice - Otherwise; On the one hand; on the other hand; Example - For example; For instance Emphasis -Indeed; Undoubtedly; Certainly; Of course; In short; To say the least; Last but not least Addition - Furthermore; In addition; Moreover; Besides Clarification - In fact; Actually Judgement -Unfortunately; Fortunately Explanation -Therefore; Consequently; For this/that reason; Thus Time/space - Afterwards; At the same time; Subsequently; Finally Despite a situation - Nevertheless; Nonetheless; Even so; Despite the fact that

22. Emphasis Refers to forcefulness of how you present your ideas 3 ways to achieve this: a. arrangement of ideas b. climactic order c. repetition and parallelism

23. Let’s compare the two paragraphs below based on how ideas are arranged. 2 1 A charge of gross violation of academic responsibility is required for a Board of Trustees to dismiss a tenured faculty member for cause, and an elaborate hearing procedure with a prior statement of charges is provided for before a tenured faculty member may be dismissed for cause, in most States. In most States, established procedures restrict how a Board of Trustees may dismiss a tenured faculty member for gross violation of academic responsibility. That faculty member must be (1) provided with a statement of charge and (2) judged in an elaborate procedure.

24. Emphasis thru climactic order To be a professional athlete, one needs great physical skills, courage, intelligence, and, perhaps most of all, an unflinching desire to succeed. Remember! What applies to a sentence applies to a paragraph, too. What applies to a paragraph applies to a longer composition as well.

25. Emphasis thru repetition and parallelism My parents complain that I am arrogant, thoughtless, and rebellious. I tell them they misunderstand me. What they see as arrogance is my attempt to be a person in my own right. What they see as thoughtlessness is usually just forgetfulness. What they see as rebelliousness is a drive to be independent.

26. Modes of Paragraph Development

27. Envision how you would develop the following topics into paragraphs. • Human Growth Seen as the Metamorphosis of a Butterfly • The Perceptions of Man and the Insights of Women • A Child’s Mental Universe • A Day in a Freshman’s Life • Why People Fail to Mature

29. Modes of Paragraph Development 1. description 2. definition 3. classification 4. illustration and examples 5. comparison and contrast 6.analogy 7.narration 8.explanation of a process 9. cause and effect • enumeration or listing

30. Topics and suggested modes of paragraph development • Human Growth Seen as the Metamorphosis of a Butterfly (Analogy) • The Perceptions of Man and the Insights of Women (Comparison) • A Child’s Mental Universe (Description) • A Day in a Freshman’s Life (Narration) • Why People Fail to Mature (Cause and Effect)

31. Homework: Read the following paragraphs and study how the modes of development are employed.

32. 1) Description Anger is having a feeling of hatred toward someone or something. It is one of our basic emotions and can be most dangerous if it is not carefully controlled. A person can become angry when he cannot fulfill some basic need or desire that is important to him. For example, a child may become angry when he cannot play outside with his friends. An adult may become angry when he does not receive a raise in pay that he expected. Mentally, anger can interfere with our thoughts, making it difficult to think clearly. Physically, it may cause violent reactions in the muscles and in the nervous system. This causes an angry person to flush and tremble and to show other signs of disturbance. A person can be dangerous if he is in an angry mood because he can develop feelings of hostility and hatred toward another person, which can then often turn violent.

33. 2) Definition In every society, social norms define a variety of relationships among people, and some of these relationships are socially recognized as family or kinship ties. A family is a socially defined set of relationships between at least two people who are related by birth, marriage, or adoption. We can think of a family as including several possible relationships, the most common being between husband and wife, between parents and children, and between people who are related to each other by birth (siblings, for example) or by marriage (a woman and her mother-in-law, perhaps). Family relationships are often defined by custom, such as the relationship between an infant and godparents, or by law, such as the adoption of a child.

34. 3)Classification A speech is “typed” according to the purpose for which it is given. If you were asked to speak to give your audience an informative message, you are to prepare a speech to inform. In a speech to stimulate, your purpose is to bring your audience to a higher level of enthusiasm or to deepen their emotion. If your speech is intended to make your audience believe something, then do something, it is a speech to convince.

35. 4)Illustration and examples The popularity of soap operas reflects psychological needs of Americans. It is not surprising that more viewers than ever before are staring at soaps even though many homemakers are leaving home for outside jobs. At home alone, any wife still finds that folding laundry is less tedious if she vicariously engages in a love tryst or orders maid service on "As the World Turns" or another juicy soap. Even her husband is likely to join the ranks of late night soap addicts just to escape from the aftermath of his daily on the job hassles. The psychological appeal of "General Hospital" or "All My Children" is easy to see, too, among the elderly and retired. After all, when you are lonely and idle or just unable to get out, it's easy to fill the void with somebody else's troubles and forget yours.

36. 5)Comparison Only a gem expert can distinguish between a real diamond and the very latest synthetic substitute. Both gleam, glisten, sparkle, and reflect icelike gradations of blue brilliance. However, if these jewels were subjected to dish water and other household solutions, even the most casual observer would spot the difference.

37. 6) Analogy Leaving sometimes isn’t a matter of choice. It’s coming back that is. The Hobbits of the shire traveled all over Middle-Earth, but they chose to come home, richer in very sense of the word. We call people like these “balikbayan” or the “returnees” – those who followed their dream, yet chose to return and share their mature talents and good fortune. - by Patricia Evangelista From the Philippine Daily Inquirer, Sunday, May 23, 2004

38. 7)Narration As Maria hurriedly left for church last Sunday, she threw a five hundred peso bill into the trashcan, thinking she was discarding a wad of tissue. You can imagine her surprise when the garbage man rang our doorbell that Monday morning and handed the lost money. The honesty of SitioSembong's garbage men has restored Maria's faith in mankind.

39. 8)Explanation of a Process In explaining the voodoo effect medically, Cannon theorized that what happens to curse victims is a case of self induced shock brought on by "prolonged and intense emotion." Experiments with animals put under intense stress and case histories of soldiers in battle situations, he says, have shown one of the physical after effects of intense stress is an extreme drop in blood pressure. Shock occurs as a result of the rush of adrenaline. The body's blood vessels constrict, or tighten up, cutting down the blood supply to the body. Starved of oxygen carrying blood, vital organs start breaking down, the heart starts faltering and eventually death occurs. This, combined with the fact that the victim often refuses all food and water, is responsible for the killing effect.

40. 9 Cause and effect The planets and satellites are spherical in shape. This is due to the mutual gravitation of the separate parts which would pull a large quantity of initially liquid material of dust cloud into compact spheres. Due to rotation, the spheres become flattened at the poles and bulge at the equator. As a result, gravitational force at the poles is greater than at the equator because distance from the center of the earth to the poles is shorter than to the equator.

41. 10)Listing The Japanese automobile industry uses robots in many stages of its production process. In fact, one large Japanese auto factory uses robots in all of its production stages. Some Japanese universities are developing medical robots to detect certain kinds of cancer. Another automobile factory in Japan uses them to paint cars as they come off the assembly line. Furthermore, most Japanese factories use robots to weld the parts of the finished car together.

42. References Blanchard, K. in Root, C. (2003). Ready to Write. NY: Pearson Education – Longman. Retrieved from http://www3.pef.uni-lj.si/~tuji-jeziki/rp/1_letnik/exercises_on_paragraph_writing.pdf on September 12, 2013 Dadufalza, C. D. (1992). Reading into writing I. Makati City, Philippines: Bookmark Inc. and The Author. p. 253. Dela Cruz, E.M. and Lina Enriquez. (2001). Advanced Speech Communication. Rex Publishing. Albano, C.E., et al. (1999). Introduction to College Physics and Chemistry. Learning Resource Center: UP Diliman. Troyka, L.Q. & Hesse, D. (2009). Simon & Schuster Handbook for Writers. New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc. Coherence. Retrieved from http://school.esdnl.ca/holytrinityhighschool/engdept/Common_Files/Coherence.htm on September 4, 2013. Communication Skills 1. UP Open University. http://dd.dgacm.org/editorialmanual/training/lessons/link_d.htm http://www.jccc.edu/files/pdf/writing-center/developing-paragraphs.pdf