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BIOTECHNOLOGY –THE ERA OF 21 ST CENTURY

BIOTECHNOLOGY –THE ERA OF 21 ST CENTURY. S. Umesha Department of Biotechnology, University of Mysore, Mysore 570006.

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BIOTECHNOLOGY –THE ERA OF 21 ST CENTURY

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  1. BIOTECHNOLOGY –THE ERA OF 21ST CENTURY S. Umesha Department of Biotechnology, University of Mysore, Mysore 570006

  2. Biotechnology – Discipline which enables its exponents to convert raw materials to final products, which either the raw materials and/or a stage in the production process involves biological entities.

  3. Definitions… • The application of scientific and engineering principles to the processing of material by biological agents to provide goods and services. • Integrated use of Biochemistry, Microbiology, Engineering sciences in order to achieve technological application of the capabilities of Microorganisms, cultured tissue cells and parts thereof.

  4. Biotechnology 1st Generation Biotechnology • producing wine, beer, cheese, vaccines 2nd Generation Biotechnology • conventional breeding, tissue culture techniques 3rd Generation Biotechnology or “Modern Biotechnology • recombinant DNA technology, GMO’s, genomics, proteomics, metabolomics, Human genome project…

  5. Biotechnology In Agriculture

  6. Food problems have haunted mankind since time immemorial • Expanding the cultivated area • Technological Breakthroughs

  7. Challenge…Feeding the world…

  8. Feeding the world… • Today 70 % of the people on the planet grow, what they eat. • By 2025, half will live in cities and need to be fed through market channels (UN estimate). • World food production will have to double on existing land over the next 20 years – to meet population growth.

  9. Population growth is outstripping food supply. The world population is expected to reach 7 billion within 25 years, over 10 billion in the year 2050, while agricultural production is growing at the slower rate of about 1.8 % annually.

  10. Immediate implementation of non conventional practices to bridge this deficit like Agri -Biotechnology is the need of the hour across the globe. However,this technology has not penetrated areas where it is most needed like Africa and Asia.

  11. Many countries are not self-sufficient in food grain production • Because – climate, environmental limitations etc. • BT may make it possible to customize the genetic make up of crop plants, so that they can grow in exceptionally dry/wet, hot/cold climates.

  12. Increased crop yield, greater flexibility in growing envt. • Less use of chemical pesticides and improved nutritional content make Agri-BT quite literally the future of world’s food supply – THE ERA OF 21ST CENTURY. • Therefore there is an urgent need to intensify our development of Agri-BTs.

  13. Anti-cancer drugs Transfer of new genes into animal organisms Culture of plants from single cells Diagnostics Crime solving Tracers DNA technology Genetic Engineering Synthesis of specific DNA probes Banks of DNA, RNA and proteins Cloning Synthesis of new proteins Mass prodn. of human proteins Localisation of genetic disorders Resource bank for rare human chemicals New types of plants and animals New antibiotics New types of food Gene therapy Cell Culture Monoclonal Antibodies Molecular Biology Complete map of the human genome

  14. Old and New Approaches to Plant Improvement

  15. Genetic engineering:Recombinant DNA technology

  16. BT of plants & specific crops, including GE for yield & quality traits, metabolite production, rapid clonal propagation & germplasm conservation. • BT is a most powerful tool to further advance the various fields of Agriculture. • The potential benefits of BT will not be realized without a continued commitment to basic research.

  17. Gene transfer to enhance Quality of human life... • Gene identification – gene regulation-structure and function of gene products.

  18. New approaches to crop production… • US: Agri production has more than doubled, while the amount of land under cultivation has actually declined. • Most direct way to use BT to improve crop Agri. Genetically Engineer plants- ie., alter the base of genetic structure. • Although the powerful, the process is not simple. • Typically researchers must be able to isolate the gene of interest, insert it in to a plant cell, induce the transformed cell to grow in to an entire plant and then make sure the gene is appropriately expressed.

  19. Herbicide resistant traits • Glyphosate – round up – environmentally safe herbicide (indiscriminately kills crops as well as weeds). • Scientists have isolated a glyphosate resistant gene and successfully transferred it in to cotton, soybean, tobacco & tomatoes. • Gene was derived from Solmonella typhimurium.

  20. Genetic engineering for Crop Protection… • Protection of crops from pests, insects, viruses, bacteria, nematodes, fungi & weeds. • Chemical pesticides, herbicides are not selective enough to affect only harmful organisms. • More refined BT can be used (Bt cotton) • New approaches to Animal Agriculture.. • Animal breeding, Fish farming.

  21. GE for Transgenic crops… • Transgenic varieties – more productive, precise… • Overcomes the limitations of traditional breeding • Allows scientists to use new traits from many kinds of plants and other living things.

  22. Basic steps in creating a transgenics.. • Isolate the gene of interest.. • Vector is chosen, to carry in to the plant’s cell • Gene is clipped & loaded on to vector (genetic gun) • Once the gene has been delivered in to cell, travels in to the chromosome strand. • New gene becomes part of the plant’s recipe book.

  23. Generating high-yielding varieties by genetic manipulation of plant architecture…………... • The major factor that contributed to the success of the green revolution was the introduction of high-yielding semi-dwarf varieties of wheat and rice, in combination with the application of large amounts of nitrogen fertilizer. DR. M. S. Swaminathan World Food Prize - 2003

  24. Generating high-yielding varieties by genetic manipulation of plant architecture…………... • Several parameters such as plant height, tiller number, photosynthesis, photoperiod insensitivity and resistance to pests and diseases are associated with increase in yield. • Transgene Application Host plant • OsGA3ox2 Semi dwarf Rice • OsGA3ox2, d18 Flower/grain development Arabidopsis • MOC1 Tillering Rice • BR I1 Erect leaf Barley • OsBRI1 Erect leaf Rice • OsTB1Tillering Rice

  25. Bt crops protect plants against specific insect pests… • A unique feature of the insect-disease-causing organism. Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), - its production of crystal-like proteins that selectively kill specific groups of insects. • When insect eats these cry proteins, its own digestive enzymes activate the toxin form of the protein. • Cry proteins bind to specific receptors on the intestinal walls and rupture the midgut cells.

  26. Bt crops protect plants against specific insect pests

  27. Reduced impacts from pesticides

  28. Beta- Carotene rich - Golden Rice

  29. Current Crops with Biotech Traits Commercial ProductsBenefits to Growers / Consumers • Herbicide Tolerance - Lower grower cost (corn, soy, cotton, canola) - Reduced herbicide residues - Enables no-till - Simplicity / flexibility • Insect/Corn Borer Resistance - Lower grower costs (corn, cotton, potato) - Reduced pesticide usage - Decreased molds - Higher yields - Simplicity

  30. Current Crops with Biotech Traits • Virus Resistance - Lower cost (potato, papaya) - Higher quality foods - Less acres used • Delayed Ripening - Higher quality food products - Longer shelf-life Commercial ProductsBenefits to Growers / Consumers

  31. Biotech Benefits and Risks • Decreasing reliance on pesticides • Insect resistance management • Gene flow and out crossing • Non-target organisms • Human, wildlife and environmental health • Preserving genetic diversity in plants and animals • Economic impacts

  32. Biotech Foods and Health • Enhanced protein and essential nutrients prevent disease • Vitamin A to prevent childhood blindness • Increased calories and nutrients to prevent malnutrition • Increasing food availability by reducing spoilage Golden rice

  33. Healthier Foods • Added Nutrients • Wheat • Rice • Reducing Natural Food Toxins

  34. Fighting Hunger • Improving yields of food staples • Controlling insects • Controlling crop diseases • Bananas • Cassava • Sweet potato virus • Greater salt tolerance

  35. Food Security • Increasing crop productivity to meet growing global food needs • Increasing crop productivity of staple foods rich in protein and calories • Increasing access to a healthy, diverse diet

  36. Environmental impacts and social responses to Genetically Engineered crops

  37. Potential benefits of transgenic organisms: environmental, health, social

  38. Why so much potential? • Genetic engineering provides a greater range of possibilities for transferring desired traits into organisms.

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