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Chapter 20: An Industrial Society 1860-1914. The Growth of Industry Section: 1. Industrial Revolution Continues. Late 1700’s saw establishment of textile mills in New England (Northeast US). By mid-1800’s, factories spread to other industries and regions.
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Chapter 20: An Industrial Society1860-1914 The Growth of Industry Section: 1
Industrial Revolution Continues • Late 1700’s saw establishment of textile mills in New England (Northeast US). • By mid-1800’s, factories spread to other industries and regions. • Several factors lead to high growth…
Plentiful Natural Resources • America has large supplies of forests, water, minerals, including coal, iron, copper, silver, and iron.
Improved Transportation • Early 1800’s saw steamboats and canals improve transportation. • Following Civil War, RR production boomed, making transportation of goods easier.
Growing Population • From 1860 to 1900, US population grew from 31.5 million to 76 million. • This led to growing demand for goods, spurring industry and supply.
High Immigration • 1860-1900, 14 million people immigrated to US. • Many knew specialized trades, such as metalworking.
New Inventions • New machines helped improve on processes. • Inventors applied for patents: government document giving an inventor exclusive rights to make or sell his/her product.
Investment Capital • Financial resources that have cash value. • Factories, equipment, land, and machinery owned by business to produce goods and services. • Human Capital
Investment Capital Continued… • Capital (money) was provided to businesses by banks (hoping to share in the profits). • Businesses used capital (borrowed money) to purchase equipment, factories, labor.
What are the major growth industries? (6) • Plentiful Natural Resources • Improved Transportation (RR) • Growing Population • High Immigration • New Inventions • Investment Capital
Petroleum Discovered • Petroleum: Oily flammable liquid (1855). • Edwin Drake begins drilling in 1859 & strikes oil in August. • Launches oil industry
Business Cycle • Pattern of ups (boom) & downs (bust) in the economy.
Business Cycle Continued… • Good times (up swing) people buy more and invest more heavily. • Bad times (down swing) people spend and invest less. • Down swings (recessions) lead to higher unemployment rates, less goods produced, businesses may close.
Recent US Recession • When was the last time the US had a recession?
Steel Industry • Prior to mid-1800’s, steel was expensive due to process that used large amounts of coal. • Henry Bessemer & William Kelly (1850’s) come up with new design using less coal.
Steel Continued… • Bessemer steel process: increased steel output by 500 times 1867-1900. • Plows, barbed wire, nails, & beams for buildings now made out of steel instead of iron. • Main use still for RR’s.
Electric Power • 1870’s invention of the generator • Generator: machine producing electric current
Thomas Edison • 1876 opens laboratory, employing many assistants. • Received over 1,000 patents • Invents safe light bulb • Invents system to deliver electric to buildings
Alexander Graham Bell • Taught deaf students in Boston. • Invents device to transmit speech using electricity. • Receives patent in March 1876 for telephone.
Jan Matzeliger • Immigrant from Dutch Guiana. • Invents machine that fastens soles to bottom of shoes. • Increases production by 1,400%.
Technology Changes Industry • Telephone industry grows rapidly, selling 50,000 telephones by 1880.
Female Labor Force • Numbers of inventions helped employ women. • Switchboard operators (1880’s) • Typewriting (1870’2) • Sewing Machine patented by Isaac Singer (1851)
Clothing • Sewing machine leads to ready-made clothes. • Came in standard sizes • People now bought clothes instead of making them.
Railroad • RR’s continued to have largest impact through mid-1800’s.
Railroads Transform the Nation Section: 2
Transcontinental Railroad • RR spanning the entire United States. • Bill passed in 1862 to allow two companies to build, helping lure settlers to the West.
Two Railroads • Central Pacific started in Sacramento, California, and build east. • Union Pacific started in Omaha, Nebraska, and built west.
Government Involvement • RR’s needed large amounts of money to build. Government lent millions of $. • Government also provided 20 square miles for every one mile of track. Excess land could be sold for profit.
Chinese Rail Workers • Due to labor shortages (mining, ranching, etc.), Chinese labor was essential. • At peak of production, 10,000 Chinese worked on RR.
Variety of Backgrounds • RR’s hired former soldiers from North and South, former slaves, and Irish immigrants (largest). • Both companies occasionally hired Native Americans.
Transcontinental RR Connected • May 10th, 1869, Central and Union lines connect in Promontory, Utah. • 1869 RR earned $300 million • 1890 RR earned $734 million
Railroad Changes Time • Originally, communities had set their own times. • Crossing several time zones caused problems • RR comes up with standard time: dividing the US into four time zones. • Went into effect on November 18th, 1883 • However, Congress doesn’t adopt till 1918.
Social & Economic Change • RR linked east and west economies. Lumber, livestock, and grain carried east. • Lifeline to settlers, bringing food, equipment. • RR’s push Native Americans out. • RR’s allowed urban centers to move in-land, rather than being connected to waterway.
Railroad Growth Positives Negatives
