U1C5 An Industrial Nation 1860-1920

1. U1C5 An Industrial Nation 1860-1920 U.S. History

2. Main Idea • In the 60 years following the Civil War, the United States became the world’s leading industrial nation. New inventions drove a Second Industrial Revolution, in which new systems of transportation and communication transformed American life. Economic opportunity drew millions of immigrants, and the United States expanded its territories westward.

3. Essential Question • What are the causes and effects of the Second Industrial Revolution, continued immigration, and unrelenting expansion west?

4. 5.1 The American West Conflicts with Native Americans • The Ghost Dance: 1890s-an expression of deep grief about the loss of Native Americans’ way of life, due to clashes with white settlers and the U.S. government • Reservations: mid 1900s U.S. Government changed Indian policy, began moving them to reservations, upsetting Plains Indians

5. The Indian Wars • Sand Creek Massacre (1864): Army troops killed 150 Cheyenne, burned the camp; congress condemned but did not punish commander • Battle of Little Bighorn (1876): led by Sitting Bull, thousands of Sioux, Cheyenne, and Arapaho refused to leave Sioux territory, George Armstrong Custer and cavalry was slaughtered near Little Bighorn River • Wounded Knee Massacre (1890): Army captured some of Sitting Bull’s followers, demanded rifles, 300 Sioux men, women, children dead; broke Native American resistance on the Plains

9. Resistance Ends in the West • Chief Joseph: 1877-leader of Nez Perce killed white settlers on way to reservation, fled toward Canada, finally surrendered • Geronimo:Apache leader, fled the reservation, led raids on Arizona/Mexico border for years, captured in Sept. 1886

10. Reservation Life • Reservation goal: the policy of Americanization…officials wanted Indians to abandon traditional culture and identity and live like white Americans • The Bureau of Indian Affairs: managed reservations, set up schools where children had to speak English and could not wear traditional clothing • Dawes Act (1887): broke up some reservations, government sold best land, gave rest to Indians; even with good land, they had no supplies to farm

11. Mining/Ranching • Comstock Lode: $500 million in silver from Nevada Territory from 1859-1879 • Cattle ranching was big in decades after the Civil War • Chisholm Trail: most important major cattle trail from San Antonio to Kansas

12. Farmers on the Great Plains • Homestead Act: Congressional act in 1862 allowing head of household over 21 to claim 160 acres of land; 2 million people did this • Pacific Railway Act: government gave millions of acres of land to railroad companies to build railroads/telegraphs • Morrill Act: gave states land to build colleges

13. Causes/Effects of Western Migration • Cause • Americans continue moving west in large numbers • Effects • Traditional Native American ways of life are destroyed • Mining communities are established • Ranches are established, and the cattle industry booms • Farmers settle on the Plains

14. 5.2 The Second Industrial Revolution • During the late 1800s, new technology and inventions led to the growth of industry, the rise of big business, and revolutions in transportation and communication. • Bessemer Process: 1850s-made steel making faster and cheaper; steel transformed the US into a modern industrial economy • railroads expanded-1869 two rail lines met at Promontory Summit in Utah Territory linking east and west; railroads created jobs, promoted trade and speeded up settlement of the west; created a need for standard time which Congress adopted in 1918

16. The Rise of Big Business • entrepreneurs: risk takers starting new ventures • capitalism: free enterprise in which most business are privately owned • laissez-faire: French for ”leave it alone,” companies operate without government intervention • social Darwinism: the belief that natural selection also applied to society or stronger people, businesses, and nations would prosper and weaker ones would fail • corporation: owned by people who buy stock, or shares in the company • trusts: some corporations joined together to gain a business advantage, like a monopoly

17. Industrial Tycoons • Tycoons were viewed as either robber barons destroying companies with tough tactics, or captains of industry using their business skills to strengthen the economy • John D. Rockefeller: Standard Oil- used both vertical and horizontal integration to eventually own half of all the oil in the U.S. • Andrew Carnegie: Carnegie Steel Company-dominated the steel industry, sold company to J.P. Morgan for $480 million in 1901 • Cornelius Vanderbilt: Railroad investor, owned railroads west to Michigan and north to Canada

18. Workers Organize • most workers made $500 a year • the rich were very, very rich • 1890, 10% of population held 75% of wealth • 1890-Sherman Antitrust Act made it illegal to form trusts that interfered with free trade but was ineffective • workers worked 12-16 hours a day, 6 days a week in unhealthy conditions • 1900 1 in 6 children held a job outside the home • Knights of Labor first labor group, Philadelphia in 1869, wanted 8 hour work day, end to child labor and equal pay for equal work • first strikes were The Great Railroad Strike in 1877 and the Haymaker Riot in 1866 both led to violence and deaths and immigrants were blames

19. Advances in Transportation and Communication • Streetcars: 1900-a trolley or cable car connected to an underground cable for local transportation • Subways: 1897 Boston, 1904 New York-underground mass transit • Automobiles: personal vehicles, “horseless carriage”-1893 first practical American motorcar • Airplanes: Dec, 17,1903-Orville and Wilbur Wright first flew at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina • riTelegraph: 1837-Samuel F.B. Morse sent messages with electcity-fastest way to send a message • Telephone: 1876-Alexander Graham Bell • Typewriter: 1867-Christopher Latham Sholes, keypad still in use today • Thomas Edison: amazing American inventor-phonograph, safe electric lightbulb

20. 5.3 Life at the Turn of the Twentieth Century • A new wave of immigrants came to America in the late 1800s and settled in rapidly changing cities where political corruption was common and minorities faced discrimination • 1800-1880: more than 10 million ”old immigrants” arrived from northern and western Europe, Chinese immigrants for Gold Rush or to work railroads • 1880-1910: new wave of immigration brought 18 million from southern and eastern Europe: Greece, Italy, Poland, and Russia; smaller numbers from East Asia due to severe immigration laws • made America more diverse in ethnicity and religion • 1910: nearly 1 in 7 Americans was foreign-born • 1892: Ellis Island in New York Harbor-12 million Europeans • 1910: Angel Island in San Francisco Bay-Chinese immigrants • Nativists-American born-saw immigrants as a threat, blaming for increase in poverty and crime

21. Urban Life in America • status in society determined lifestyle • the wealthy: in 1800s most made their money in industry and business, homes resembled medieval castles and Italian Renaissance palaces • the middle class: urban middle class made up of corporate employees-accountants and managers and professionals such as teachers, engineers, lawyers and doctors • the working class: low wages and housing shortages meant living in poverty, most lived in tenements which were run down apartments; very unhealthy due to lack of ventilation, light and running water.

22. Political Scandal and Reform • 1863:Tammany Hall in New York City led by William Marcy Tweed won fraudulent elections and demanded bribes in exchange for city contracts; convicted in 1871 • 1869: president Ulysses S. Grant marred by scandals • 1883: president Chester A. Arthur supported government reforms • Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 supported farmers who were going broke due to high train prices; it called for reasonable railroad rates and was the first time that the federal government had passed a law to regulate an industry • silver vs. gold: farmers wanted more money printed to boost economy, government wanted a gold standard to reduce money in circulation; eventually the Sherman Silver Purchase Act allow redemption in either silver or gold, which helped lead to a depression known as the Panic of 1893

23. Segregation and Discrimination • legalized discrimination: white southerners made black voters pay a poll tax and pass a literacy test in order to prevent them from voting • Jim Crow laws: southern state legislatures passed laws to enforce segregation in public places; first in Tennessee in 1881 required separate railway cars for African Americans and whites, by 1890 spread to public places and schools • Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) ”separate but equal” facilities did not violate the Fourteenth Amendment, allowed legal segregation for next 60 years • lynching: worst outcome of discrimination-murder of an individual by a group or mob; 1882-1892 nearly 900 blacks killed by lynch mobs • Opposition: Booker T. Washington believed blacks should accept segregation for the moment and should acquire vocational skills; W.E.B. DuBois believed blacks should strive for full rights immediately, formed the NAACP