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Instrumenting the Planet for Intelligence From Blue Sky to Business Impact

Instrumenting the Planet for Intelligence From Blue Sky to Business Impact. Kris Pister Prof. EECS, UC Berkeley Co-Director, Berkeley Sensor & Actuator Center Founder & CTO, Dust Networks. Outline. The Past What Went Wrong Technology Status Applications Technology Directions. Goals.

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Instrumenting the Planet for Intelligence From Blue Sky to Business Impact

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  1. Instrumenting the Planet for IntelligenceFrom Blue Sky to Business Impact Kris Pister Prof. EECS, UC Berkeley Co-Director, Berkeley Sensor & Actuator Center Founder & CTO, Dust Networks

  2. Outline • The Past • What Went Wrong • Technology Status • Applications • Technology Directions

  3. Goals • Smart Dust, 1997--2002 • 1 mm3 • Low power • Wireless Sensor Networks, 2002--2007 • Reliability: >99.9% with latency bound • Power: 5-10 years on batteries for all motes • Security: strongest link? • WSN, 2007-- • Standards: WiHART, IETF, IEEE • Applications

  4. Autonomous Microsensor Networks with Optical Communication Links UC Berkeley, 1997 • PI: Kris Pister • Source: Hughes (MICRO) • Funding: $25k, $10k matching, 0% ovhd, • Duration: 1 year • Comments: Collaboration w/ Prof. Joe Kahn under separate MICRO

  5. COTS Dust UC Berkeley, 2000 GOAL: • Get our feet wet RESULT: • Cheap, easy, off-the-shelf RF systems • Fantastic interest in cheap, easy, RF: • Industry • Berkeley Wireless Research Center • Center for the Built Environment (IUCRC) • PC Enabled Toys (Intel) • Fantastic RF problems • Optical proof of concept

  6. Berkeley Demos – 2001 Motes dropped from UAV, detect vehicles, log and report direction and velocity Intel Developers Forum, live demo 800 motes, 8 level dynamic network, 50 temperature sensors for HVAC deployed in 3 hours. $100 vs. $800 per node. Seismic testing demo: real-time data acquisition, $200 vs. $5,000 per node vs.

  7. Mote on a Chip? (circa 2001) antenna uP SRAM Temp inductor Amp Radio ADC ~2 mm^2 ASIC crystal battery • Goals: • Standard CMOS • Low power • Minmal external components

  8. UCB Hardware Results ~2003 • 2 chips fabbed in 0.25um CMOS • “Mote on a chip” worked, TX only • 900 MHz transceiver worked • Records set for low power CMOS • ADC, Mike Scott, M.S. • 8 bits, 100kS/s • 2uA@1V • Microprocessor, Brett Warneke, PhD. • 8 bits, 1MIP • 10uA@1V • 900 MHz radio – Al Molnar M.S. • 100kbps, “bits in, bits out” • 20 m indoors • 0.4mA @ 3V

  9. Cost of Sensor Networks Mesh Networking Computing Power Installation, Connection and Commissioning Sensors $ Time

  10. Sensor Networks Take Off! Industry Analysts Take Off! $8.1B market for Wireless Sensor Networks in 2007 Source: InStat/MDR 11/2003 (Wireless); Wireless Data Research Group 2003; InStat/MDR 7/2004 (Handsets)

  11. Low Data Rate WPAN Applications PERSONAL HEALTH CARE Zigbee 2004 Zigbee 2006 Zigbee Pro BUILDING AUTOMATION CONSUMER ELECTRONICS security HVAC AMR lighting control accesscontrol TV VCR DVD/CD remote PC & PERIPHERALS INDUSTRIAL CONTROL asset mgt process control environmental energy mgt mouse keyboard joystick RESIDENTIAL/ LIGHT COMMERCIAL CONTROL patient monitoring fitness monitoring security HVAC lighting control access control lawn & garden irrigation

  12. Barriers to Adoption OnWorld, 2005

  13. Dust Networks • Founded July 2002 • Focused on reliability, power consumption • Developed TSMP • Time Synchronized Mesh Protocol • >99.9% reliability • Lowest power per delivered packet

  14. How it Works: CSMA

  15. How it Works: TSMP

  16. Frequency Hopping: CSMA

  17. Frequency Hopping: TSMP

  18. Scalability: CSMA

  19. Scalability: TSMP

  20. 50 motes, 7 hops 3 floors, 150,000sf >100,000 packets/day

  21. Oil Refinery – Double Coker Unit • Scope limited to Coker facility and support units spanning over 1200ft • No repeaters were needed to ensure connectivity • Electrical/Mechanical contractor installed per wired practices • >5 year life on C-cell 400m

  22. Barriers to Adoption >99.9% Wireless HART, SP100 “It just worked” 5-10 years Complete networks OnWorld, 2005

  23. “Dust Inside” Industrial Products • End Users • Oil & Gas • Power • Food • Pharma • Chemical • Steel Smart Wireless Announced Dust Customers

  24. Industrial Automation • Examples • Oil & gas production, pipelines, refineries • Paper mills • Chemical processing • Companies • Emerson • ABB • Endress & Hauser • Siemens Emerson “Smart Wireless” starter kit, shipping since Oct 2006

  25. The De-facto Standard Emerson MACTek Yokogawa Siemens Siemens ABB Honeywell Phoenix Contact Smar Endress+ Hauser Pepperl+ Fuchs Elpro 12 Manufacturers,1 Network – Dust Networks’ TSMP

  26. Shell Facility • Motor condition (vibration)monitoring • 200-400 temperature and vibration sensors • No line power due to hazardous location rules • Wiring in sensors would cause a 2 week delay in “first gas” Dust-enabled Network 2 km 1 km

  27. Statoil • North Sea Platform • 22 pressure sensors • 2 hour installation vs. 2 days

  28. Predictive Maintenance "Unscheduled downtime is the largest single factor eroding plant performance. Over $20 Billion, or almost 5 percent of total production, is lost each year in North America alone due to unscheduled downtime." ARC, 2002 “Electric motors consume approximately 60% of all electricity generated in the United States.“ US DoE, December 2002 • Ubiquitous monitoring of motors, pumps, and bearings: • Vibration • Temperature • Acoustic

  29. Rail Monitoring: Croda • Application: Temperature monitoring of chemical in moving railcars • Rate-of-rise temperature monitoring critical for safety and plant performance • Railcars continuously move, making hard wired measurement impractical • Employees had to climb on top of railcars for measurement; dangerous in winter • Smart Wireless solutions give early detection of potentially hazardous rising temperature rise of chemical and eliminate manual readings • Railcar position had no effect on self-organizing network performance; line of site not required • Safety improvement by eliminating operator trips to the top of the railcars • Early detection means early neutralization procedures, improved plant safety “There are savings of $14,600 per year in reduced operations and maintenance costs, but, the incalculable savings were in safety” —Denny Fetters, I&E Designer

  30. Parking Monitoring – Streetline Networks Wireless sensor node • Real-time monitoring of parking for: • Increased enforcement • Dynamic pricing • Real-time vacancy location services

  31. Building Energy Reduction - Federspiel Controls HVAC System Retrofits Demonstrated Energy Savings: • 3.7 kWh/sf/yr • 0.34 therms/sf/yr • Higher savings than conventional retrofits

  32. Building Maintenance • Rapid retrofit of old buildings • Energy conservation from modernizing systems • Platform for additional in-building applications • Temperature & energy consumption monitoring • 2 hour install vs. 4 weeks for wired network •  97% reduction in installation cost

  33. Pharmaceutical Validation and Monitoring Validation and monitoring of critical pharmaceutical processes • Ensure Regulatory Compliance • Highly Reliable, Secure Data Transmission • Easy to Install and Use

  34. Energy Management • Energy is the #1 cost of supermarkets after shelf stock • Service: monitor, analyze and reduce power consumption • Entire network installed in 3 hours (vs. 3-4 days) • Typical energy cost reduction: 10-25%

  35. Perimeter Security • Monitoring for perimeter violations: • Ground vibration (footfalls or vehicles) • Metal (vehicles) • Sound • Motion Images, data traces, and tracks reported over network

  36. End User Customer Testimonials “…easier to install and maintain, with vastly superior scalability, but it is also much more cost-effective than previous approaches. Return on investment (ROI) is “considerably less than a year” for the wireless permanent monitoring systems.” said Chip Bennettt, KV Pharma Commented Cliff Esmiol, maintenance supervisor for Milford Power. “Especially important was the easy, flexible self-organizing network that could be installed and operational in a very short time.” According to Gary Borham, operations manager at Wheeling-Pittsburgh Steel, “We are building an infrastructure that opens up opportunities for more and more applications. Wireless transmitters are being installed farther and farther away from the gateway without a loss of signal quality. The result is better information from difficult-to-reach areas of the mill, and this is helping our personnel prevent unscheduled downtime, meet customers’ quality requirements, and optimize productivity.” “When Emerson first approached me with their industrial wireless solution, they said ‘We’re plug and play,’ said Tim Gerami, senior design engineer at PPG. I have to admit I laughed; nothing I’d seen so far was that easy. “But I’m a believer now. Five minutes after installing it, the wireless network came to life. It’s been there ever since.”

  37. Evolution of a mote

  38. Next Innovation: Localization • Use radios to calculate the relative position to each other • Transmit that information periodically, or on demand

  39. Two Way Time Transfer (TWTT) TOF • Measure round trip time • Choose time at B to be fixed A sends @ t1 B receives @ t2 A B B sends @ t3 A receives @ t4 t3 – t2 = fixed known time twait TOF = ½(t4 – t1 – twait)

  40. RF Time of Flight Ranging 2 m Error Measured Data Ideal 1 m Error Steven Lanzisera Coal mine results Measurement on 1 802.15.4 channel Takeaway: ~1m position accuracy indoors

  41. Localization applications • Industrial • Where is valve 27 anyway? • Bob is lying down in tank 5 • Everyone is present at the muster point • Hospital/Medical • Where’s the defibrillator? • Dr. Grungy didn’t wash his hands between patients • Syringe LED red until near the right patient • Billing for services by the minute! • Home/Consumer • Where are my car keys? • Why is my TV leaving the house? • Map of friends location at the mall • Location-based services for cell, ipods, …

  42. The Next Wave… • IP-based consumer & enterprise standards currently being developed within IETF • Robust, wire-free IP addressable sensor networks enables the ‘internet of things’ H Consumer/ Home Transport Power M #/Scale of Connected Devices Retail Buildings Industrial Healthcare First Wave of Adopters ….. Next Wave L 2 1 3 Time (Years Out) Source: Harbor Research

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