Ch. 8 Photosynthesis

1. Ch. 8 Photosynthesis

2. 8-1 Energy and Life • Autotrophs – organisms such as plants, which make their own food • Heterotrophs – organisms that obtain energy from the foods they consume • Examples: Fungi and Animals • Energy is essential to life. One molecule that is a quick source of energy for our cells is ATP.

3. ATP • The energy of ATP becomes available when the molecule is broken down. When ATP is broken down and the energy is released, cells must have a way to capture that energy and use it efficiently.

4. ATP Section 8-1 Adenine Ribose 3 Phosphate groups

5. Figure 8-3 Comparison of ADP and ATP to a Battery Section 8-1 ADP ATP Energy Energy Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) + Phosphate Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) Partially charged battery Fully charged battery

6. Figure 8-3 Comparison of ADP and ATP to a Battery Section 8-1 ADP ATP Energy Energy Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) + Phosphate Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) Partially charged battery Fully charged battery

7. 8-2 Photosynthesis: An Overview • Photosynthesis - plants convert the energy of sunlight into the energy in the chemical bonds of carbohydrates - sugars and starches • Experiments in Investigating Photosynthesis • van Helmont – In 1643 after careful measurements of a plant’s water intake and mass increase, van Helmont concludes that trees gain most of their mass from water.

8. Experiments Investigating Photosynthesis • Priestley – In 1771 using a bell jar, a candle, and a plant, Priestly finds that the plant releases oxygen. • Ingenhousz – In 1779 Ingenhousz finds that aquatic plants produce oxygen bubbles in the light but not in the dark. He concludes that plants need sunlight to produce oxygen.

9. Photosynthesis • Requirements for photosynthesis: • 6CO2 + 6H2O --------> C6H12O6 + 6O2 • Sunlight • Water • Pigments – the plant’s principal pigment is chlorophyll; there are two main types of chlorophyll: chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b. Chlorophyll a is found in all photosynthetic plants.

10. Photosynthesis: Reactants and Products Section 8-2 Light Energy Chloroplast CO2 + H2O Sugars + O2

11. Figure 8-5 Chlorophyll Light Absorption Section 8-2 Absorption of Light by Chlorophyll a and Chlorophyll b Chlorophyll b Chlorophyll a V B G Y O R

12. 8-3 The Reactions of Photosynthesis • Thylakoids – the saclike photosynthetic membranes contained in the chloroplasts • Granum- a stack of thylakoids • Stroma- space outside of the thylakoids • Photosystems – clusters that contain chlorophyll and other pigments (light collecting units of the chloroplast)

13. LIGHT DEPENDENT AND LIGHT INDEPENDENT REACTIONS • Light Dependent Reactions - occurs in the photosynthetic membrane in chloroplast. It is when the energy of sunlight is captured and used to make energy storing compounds. • II.Light Independent Reactions - occurs outside the photosynthetic membranes in the stroma (also known as the Calvin cycle); glucose is produced (does not require light, but can occur in light).

14. Light- dependent reactions Calvin cycle Energy from sunlight Thylakoid membranes ATP Stroma NADPH High-energy sugars ATP NADPH O2 Chloroplasts Concept Map Section 8-3 Photosynthesis includes takes place in uses use take place in to produce to produce of

15. Light CO2 Sugars O2 Figure 8-7 Photosynthesis: An Overview Section 8-3 Chloroplast Chloroplast NADP+ ADP + P Light- Dependent Reactions Calvin Cycle ATP NADPH

16. Figure 8-10 Light-Dependent Reactions Section 8-3 Hydrogen Ion Movement Chloroplast Photosystem II ATP synthase Inner Thylakoid Space Thylakoid Membrane Stroma Electron Transport Chain Photosystem I ATP Formation

17. Figure 8-11 Calvin Cycle Section 8-3 CO2 Enters the Cycle Energy Input ChloropIast 5-Carbon Molecules Regenerated 6-Carbon Sugar Produced Sugars and other compounds

18. Section 9-1 Interest Grabber • Feel the Burn • Do you like to run, bike, or swim? These all are good ways to exercise. When you exercise, your body uses oxygen to get energy from glucose,a six-carbon sugar. 1. How does your body feel at the start of exercise, such as a long, slowrun? How do you feel 1 minute into the run; 10 minutes into the run? 2. What do you think is happening in your cells to cause the changesin how you feel? 3. Think about running as fast as you can for 100 meters. Could youkeep up this pace for a much longer distance? Explain your answer.

19. Section 9-1 Section Outline • 9–1 Chemical Pathways A. Chemical Energy and Food B. Overview of Cellular Respiration C. Glycolysis 1. ATP Production 2. NADH Production D. Fermentation 1. Alcoholic Fermentation 2. Lactic Acid Fermentation

20. 9-1 CHEMICAL PATHWAYS • GLYCOLYSIS AND RESPIRATION • C6H12O6 + 6O2 ----> 6CO2 + 6H2O • Glycolysis • 1st stage of glycolysis - takes place in cytoplasm; glucose is changed one step at a time into different molecules. • 4 ADP makes 4 ATP ( 2 molecules are used to start the reaction, so there is a gain of 2 ATP’s)

21. Section 9-1 Chemical Pathways Glucose Krebs cycle Electrontransport Glycolysis Alcohol or lactic acid Fermentation (without oxygen)

22. Respiration • If oxygen is available then respiration can occur. It’s an aerobic process (means with air). Respiration is the process that involves oxygen and breaks down food molecules to release energy. The reactions occur in the mitochondria.

23. ATP • Energy is essential to life. One molecule that is a quick source of energy for our cells is ATP. • The energy of ATP becomes available when the molecule is broken down. When ATP is broken down and the energy is released, cells must have a way to capture that energy and use it efficiently. Cellular proteins have a specific site where ATP can bind.

24. A total of 36 ATP molecules will be produced during Glycolysis and Respiration.

25. Section 9-1 Figure 9–2 Cellular Respiration: An Overview Mitochondrion Electrons carried in NADH Electrons carried in NADH and FADH2 Pyruvic acid Glucose Electron Transport Chain Krebs Cycle Glycolysis Mitochondrion Cytoplasm

26. Section 9-1 Figure 9–3 Glycolysis Glucose 2 Pyruvic acid To the electron transport chain

27. Section 9-1 Figure 9–3 Glycolysis Glucose 2 Pyruvic acid To the electron transport chain

28. Section 9-1 Figure 9–3 Glycolysis Glucose 2 Pyruvic acid To the electron transport chain

29. Section 9-1 Figure 9–4 Lactic Acid Fermentation Lactic acid Glucose Pyruvic acid

30. Section 9-1 Figure 9–4 Lactic Acid Fermentation Lactic acid Glucose Pyruvic acid

31. Section 9-1 Figure 9–4 Lactic Acid Fermentation Lactic acid Glucose Pyruvic acid

32. Section 9-2 Interest Grabber • Rolling and Folding • Some of the steps in cellular respiration take place in the membrane inside the cell structure called the mitochondrion, which has a folded inner membrane. What purpose do these folds serve? • To find out the answer to this question, perform this activity.

33. Section 9-2 Interest Grabber continued • 1. Obtain two sheets of paper and a metric ruler. What is the surface area of the paper? • 2. Roll one sheet of paper into a tube lengthwise. What is the surface area of the rolled paper? • 3. Fold the second sheet of paper into a fan. Then, roll the firstsheet of paper around the folded paper so it is inside the rolled paper.What has happened to the surface area of the inside of the rolled paper? • 4. What would be the value of increasing the surface area of the membrane inside a mitochondrion?

34. Section 9-2 Section Outline • 9–2 The Krebs Cycle and Electron Transport A. The Krebs Cycle B. Electron Transport C. The Totals D. Energy and Exercise 1. Quick Energy 2. Long-Term Energy E. Comparing Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

35. Section 9-2 Flowchart Cellular Respiration Glucose(C6H1206) + Oxygen(02) Glycolysis KrebsCycle ElectronTransportChain Carbon Dioxide (CO2) + Water (H2O)

36. Section 9-2 Figure 9–6 The Krebs Cycle Citric Acid Production Mitochondrion

37. Section 9-2 Figure 9–6 The Krebs Cycle Citric Acid Production Mitochondrion

38. Section 9-2 Figure 9–7 Electron Transport Chain Electron Transport Hydrogen Ion Movement Channel Mitochondrion Intermembrane Space ATP synthase Inner Membrane Matrix ATP Production

39. Video Contents Video Contents • Click a hyperlink to choose a video. • Aerobic Respiration • Glycolysis • Krebs Cycle, Part 1 • Krebs Cycle, Part 2 • Electron Transport Chain, Part 1 • Electron Transport Chain, Part 2

40. Video 1 Video 1 Aerobic Respiration • Click the image to play the video segment.

41. Video 2 Video 2 Glycolysis • Click the image to play the video segment.

42. Video 3 Video 3 Krebs Cycle, Part 1 • Click the image to play the video segment.

43. Video 4 Video 4 Krebs Cycle, Part 2 • Click the image to play the video segment.

44. Video 5 Video 5 Electron Transport Chain, Part 1 • Click the image to play the video segment.

45. Video 6 Video 6 Electron Transport Chain, Part 2 • Click the image to play the video segment.

46. Go Online Internet • Links from the authors on Creatine • Share kimchi lab data • Interactive test • For links on cellular respiration, go to www.SciLinks.org and enter the Web Code as follows: cbn-3091. • For links on the Krebs cycle, go to www.SciLinks.org and enter the Web Code as follows: cbn-3092.

47. Interest Grabber Answers 1. How does your body feel at the start of exercise, such as a long, slowrun? How do you feel 1 minute into the run; 10 minutes into the run? Students may answer that they feel no fatigue at the start of a run; however, after 1 minute and more so after 10 minutes, they are breathing hard, their heart rate has increased significantly, and their muscles may hurt. 2. What do you think is happening in your cells to cause the changesin how you feel? Students may say that the increase in heart rate and breathing rate are a response that gets extra oxygen to the cells. The pain may be attributed to the cells becoming fatigued. 3. Think about running as fast as you can for 100 meters. Could youkeep up this pace for a much longer distance? Explain your answer. Students may know that very high levels of performance can be sustained only very briefly even among the best of athletes. Students may say that the body runs out of readily available energy, food, or oxygen, or that the body builds up too many waste products in the cells. Section 1 Answers

48. Interest Grabber Answers Section 2 Answers • 1. Obtain two sheets of paper and a metric ruler. What is the surface area of the paper? • The area will vary depending on the size of paper used. A sheet of notebook paper has an area of approximately 600 cm3. • 2. Roll one sheet of paper into a tube lengthwise. What is the surface area of the rolled paper? • The surface area is the same as the original sheet of paper. • 3. Fold the second sheet of paper into a fan. Then, roll the firstsheet of paper around the folded paper so it is inside the rolled paper.What has happened to the surface area of the inside of the rolled paper? • The surface area has increased (surface area of rolled paper + surface area of folded paper). • 4. What would be the value of increasing the surface area of the membrane inside a mitochondrion? • Increasing the surface area increases the amount of space where chemical reactions can take place.

49. End of Custom Shows • This slide is intentionally blank.

50. Videos Video Contents • Click a hyperlink to choose a video. • ATP Formation • Photosynthesis • Light-Dependent Reactions, Part 1 • Light-Dependent Reactions, Part 2 • Calvin Cycle