Individual differences in electrophysiological correlates of auditory attention

1. Individual differences in electrophysiological correlates of auditory attention B.V. Chernyshev*, D.M. Ramendik, I.E. Lazarev,E.S. Osokina, N.A. Novikov National Research University Higher School of Economics Laboratory of cognitive psychophysiology Moscow, Russia The study was implemented in the framework of the Basic Research Program at the National Research University Higher School of Economics in 2011-2014.

2. What is temperament? Temperament is a set of genetically determined and stable biological characteristics that shape various aspects of behavior and mental processes[Eysenck, 1970; Gray, 1991; Costa, & McCrae, 1995; Rusalov, 2002; Strelau et al., 2005]– thus leading to characteristic coping strategies.

3. What is attention? Attention is a mechanism to singleoutimportant signalsfrom the immense torrent of stimuli coming from the environment, analyze themandtimely respond to them.

4. What is attention? Attention is a mechanism to singleoutimportant signalsfrom the immense torrent of stimuli coming from the environment, analyze themandtimely respond to them. Attentional tasks involving active responses create moderately high cognitive load, require effort and thus require participants to choose strategies likely dependent upon temperament. This makes attentional tasks relevant in the search of psychophysiological markers of temperament.

5. Some relevant finding on relations between temperamentand ERPs to auditory stimuliin attentional tasks ♦ The N1 and N1-P2 amplitude are higher in introverts compared to extraverts [Stelmack, Achorn, & Michaud, 1977; Doucet, & Stelmack, 2000]. ♦ The N1 peak and N1-P2 amplitude are related to Sensation Seeking and Neuroticism[Doucet, & Stelmack, 2000; Hegerl, Gallinat, & Mrowinski, 1995; Philipova, 2008]. ♦ N2 amplitude is positively correlated with Anxiety[Righi, Mecacci, & Viggiano, 2009]. ♦ P3 amplitude is negatively correlated with Neuroticism[Gurrera et al., 2005], although other authors found no difference [Fjell, Walhovd, Meling, & Johansen, 2005].

6. Some relevant finding on relations between temperamentand ERPs to auditory stimuliin attentional tasks ♦ Some studies reported that higher Extraversion corresponds to higher P3 amplitude[Gurrera, Salisbury, O’Donnell, Nestor, & McCarley, 2005; Philipova, 2008; Gurrera, O’Donnell, Nestor, Gainski, & McCarley, 2001; Fishman, Ng, & Bellugi, 2011; Cahill, & Polich, 1992], whereas other studies reported the opposite [Daruna, Karrer, & Rosen, 1985; Tatalović Vorkapić, 2009; Beauducel, Brocke, & Leue, 2006; Hansenne, 2000; Wilson, & Languis, 1990] or failed to find any influence of Extraversion on P3 amplitude [Camposano, Alvarez, & Lolas, 1994]. ♦ P3 amplitude habituates faster in extraverts, thus making the amplitude dependent on the duration of the experiment [Ditraglia, & Polich 1991].

7. Hot questions

8. Hot questions ♦ How many temperament dimensions actually exist?

9. Hot questions ♦ How many temperament dimensions actually exist? ♦ Altogether more than 80 temperament dimensions were proposed.

10. Hot questions ♦ How many temperament dimensions actually exist? ♦ Altogether more than 80 temperament dimensions were proposed. ♦ Questionnaires may probe 2 to 16 dimensions at a time.

11. Hot questions ♦ How many temperament dimensions actually exist? ♦ Altogether more than 80 temperament dimensions were proposed. ♦ Questionnaires may probe 2 to 16 dimensions at a time. ♦ Can it be that we still do not know the “true” temperament dimensions, and we actually use projections of this multidimensional space onto more or less arbitrary axes?

12. Hot questions ♦ How many temperament dimensions actually exist? ♦ Altogether more than 80 temperament dimensions were proposed. ♦ Questionnaires may probe 2 to 16 dimensions at a time. ♦ Can it be that we still do not know the “true” temperament dimensions, and we actually use projections of this multidimensional space onto more or less arbitrary axes? ♦ Can it be that the number of temperament dimensions is much grater than currently known?

13. Hot questions

14. Hot questions ♦ Currently many temperament dimension were traced to particular genes coding particular proteins involved in neuromodulatory systems: serotonin - anxiety, dopamine – sensation-seeking and extraversion, etc. [reviewed in Ebstein, 2006; Munafò, Flint, 2011]

15. Hot questions ♦ Currently many temperament dimension were traced to particular genes coding particular proteins involved in neuromodulatory systems: serotonin - anxiety, dopamine – sensation-seeking and extraversion, etc. [reviewed in Ebstein, 2006; Munafò, Flint, 2011] ♦ Taking into account, that there are at least hundreds of proteins involved in neuromodulator synthesis, transportation, release, detection by receptors, reuptake and breakdown, there potentially might be hundreds of temperament dimensions in such physiological/biochemical aspect [Munafò, Flint, 2011].

16. Hot questions ♦ Currently many temperament dimension were traced to particular genes coding particular proteins involved in neuromodulatory systems: serotonin - anxiety, dopamine – sensation-seeking and extraversion, etc. [reviewed in Ebstein, 2006; Munafò, Flint, 2011] ♦ Taking into account, that there are at least hundreds of proteins involved in neuromodulator synthesis, transportation, release, detection by receptors, reuptake and breakdown, there potentially might be hundreds of temperament dimensions in such physiological/biochemical aspect [Munafò, Flint, 2011]. ♦ Important analogy: In psychophysical studying of olfaction,5 to 12 basic smells were proposed by various authors….Genetical methods revealed about 1000[Buck, Axel, 1991].

17. Hot questions

18. Hot questions ♦ Phenotype may significantly override genetical predispositions, resulting in less variation, because individuals develop certain coping strategies and expectations, and there are not so many general strategies that can be used in real life.

19. Hot questions ♦ Phenotype may significantly override genetical predispositions, resulting in less variation, because individuals develop certain coping strategies and expectations, and there are not so many general strategies that can be used in real life. ♦ Self-regulation related to attentional networks was proposed [Posner, Rothbart, 1998, 2000].

20. Hot questions ♦ Phenotype may significantly override genetical predispositions, resulting in less variation, because individuals develop certain coping strategies and expectations, and there are not so many general strategies that can be used in real life. ♦ Self-regulation related to attentional networks was proposed [Posner, Rothbart, 1998, 2000]. ♦ Can it be that temperament dimensions form clusters of related dimensions as a result of trial-and-error learning to use specific coping strategies? This would allow using small numbers of dimensions in description of temperament.

21. Hot questions ♦ Phenotype may significantly override genetical predispositions, resulting in less variation, because individuals develop certain coping strategies and expectations, and there are not so many general strategies that can be used in real life. ♦ Self-regulation related to attentional networks was proposed [Posner, Rothbart, 1998, 2000]. ♦ Can it be that temperament dimensions form clusters of related dimensions as a result of trial-and-error learning to use specific coping strategies? This would allow using small numbers of dimensions in description of temperament. ♦ Naturally occurring clustering would invoke strong correlations between certain dimensions. For example, extraversion is known to have strong positive correlations with the Strength Excitation and Mobility in the Pavlovian theory of temperament [Strelau et al., 2005].

22. Discordant patterns of temperament

23. Discordant patterns of temperament ♦ Can it be that some individuals fail to form such coherent patterns of strategies, expectations and self-awareness through experience?

24. Discordant patterns of temperament • ♦ Can it be that some individuals fail to form such coherent patterns of strategies, expectations and self-awareness through experience? • ♦ Dina M. Ramendik, member of our research group, proposed that a subpopulation of people with discordant patterns of temperament dimensions may be detected in the following way [Ramendik, 2008; Chernyshev et al., 2010; Ramendik, 2011]:

25. Discordant patterns of temperament • ♦ Can it be that some individuals fail to form such coherent patterns of strategies, expectations and self-awareness through experience? • ♦ Dina M. Ramendik, member of our research group, proposed that a subpopulation of people with discordant patterns of temperament dimensions may be detected in the following way [Ramendik, 2008; Chernyshev et al., 2010; Ramendik, 2011]: • several questionnaires need to be used simultaneously

26. Discordant patterns of temperament • ♦ Can it be that some individuals fail to form such coherent patterns of strategies, expectations and self-awareness through experience? • ♦ Dina M. Ramendik, member of our research group, proposed that a subpopulation of people with discordant patterns of temperament dimensions may be detected in the following way [Ramendik, 2008; Chernyshev et al., 2010; Ramendik, 2011]: • several questionnaires need to be used simultaneously • questionnaires should be based on significantly different theoretical grounds, but at least some dimensions should be strongly correlated between questionnaires.

27. Discordant patterns of temperament • ♦ Can it be that some individuals fail to form such coherent patterns of strategies, expectations and self-awareness through experience? • ♦ Dina M. Ramendik, member of our research group, proposed that a subpopulation of people with discordant patterns of temperament dimensions may be detected in the following way [Ramendik, 2008; Chernyshev et al., 2010; Ramendik, 2011]: • several questionnaires need to be used simultaneously • questionnaires should be based on significantly different theoretical grounds, but at least some dimensions should be strongly correlated between questionnaires. • minor differences in questionnaires may produce reversal of correlational patterns within some individuals, thus uncovering the discordant pattern of temperamental traits in them.

28. The causes of discordance may presumably include the following:

29. The causes of discordance may presumably include the following: • - Strong environmental pressure making people use coping strategies contradicting those they would naturally develop in free trial-and-error conditions. For example, very oppressive traditional or religious families me make an extraverted person behave and feel introverted.

30. The causes of discordance may presumably include the following: • - Strong environmental pressure making people use coping strategies contradicting those they would naturally develop in free trial-and-error conditions. For example, very oppressive traditional or religious families me make an extraverted person behave and feel introverted. • Inborn high reactivity may lead to anxiety. In most people this anxiety dissipates with time, but it prevents normal communication with pears and causes some kind of learned helplessness in sociability. Thus the questionnaires may falsely detect such people as introverts, while other dimensions would show that the person might actually be a hidden extravert.

31. ♦ Longitudinal study has shown that discordant individuals are much less successful in education and carrier, and this factor is more important than IQ and a number of other intellect and attention measures [Ramendik, 2011; Ramendik, Chernyshev, Chernysheva, 2014]. Ramendik, Chernyshev, Chernysheva, 2014. Voprosy psihologii, 2014, 3,105-117

32. Pavlovian approach to temperament The Pavlovian Temperament Survey (PTS) [Strelau, 1999]:

33. Pavlovian approach to temperament • The Pavlovian Temperament Survey (PTS) [Strelau, 1999]: • Intensity dimensions: • Strength of Excitation (the ability to endure arousing environmental influences; α = .82), • Strength of Inhibition (the ability to endure inhibiting environmental influences; α = .84),

34. Pavlovian approach to temperament • The Pavlovian Temperament Survey (PTS) [Strelau, 1999]: • Intensity dimensions: • Strength of Excitation (the ability to endure arousing environmental influences; α = .82), • Strength of Inhibition (the ability to endure inhibiting environmental influences; α = .84), • Temporal dimension: • - Mobility of Nervous Processes (the speed of alteration of excitation and inhibition processes; α = .81).

35. Pavlovian approach to temperament The Structure of Temperament Questionnaire (STQ) [Rusalov, 1990, 2002].

36. Pavlovian approach to temperament • The Structure of Temperament Questionnaire (STQ) [Rusalov, 1990, 2002]. • Intensity dimensions: • Object-related Ergonicity (the disposition to perform mental and physical work; α = .83), • Social Ergonicity (the disposition to be involved in social activity; α = .76),

37. Pavlovian approach to temperament • The Structure of Temperament Questionnaire (STQ) [Rusalov, 1990, 2002]. • Intensity dimensions: • Object-related Ergonicity (the disposition to perform mental and physical work; α = .83), • Social Ergonicity (the disposition to be involved in social activity; α = .76), • Temporal dimensions: • Object-related Plasticity (the ease of switching from one object-related activity to another; α = .77), • Social Plasticity (the ease of entering in social contacts and the diversity of communicative programs; α = .72), • Object-related Tempo (the speed of mental operations and motor acts in the process of object-related activity; α = .80), • Social Tempo (the speed of mental operations and motor acts in the process of communication; α = .73),

38. Pavlovian approach to temperament • The Structure of Temperament Questionnaire (STQ) [Rusalov, 1990, 2002]. • Intensity dimensions: • Object-related Ergonicity (the disposition to perform mental and physical work; α = .83), • Social Ergonicity (the disposition to be involved in social activity; α = .76), • Temporal dimensions: • Object-related Plasticity (the ease of switching from one object-related activity to another; α = .77), • Social Plasticity (the ease of entering in social contacts and the diversity of communicative programs; α = .72), • Object-related Tempo (the speed of mental operations and motor acts in the process of object-related activity; α = .80), • Social Tempo (the speed of mental operations and motor acts in the process of communication; α = .73), • Emotionality dimensions: • Object-related Emotionality (the emotional sensitivity to discrepancies between anticipated and real results of object-related activity; α = .84), • Social Emotionality (the emotional sensitivity to failures in communication; α = .71).

39. Study 1 Aims: - To find psychophysiological evidence that Extraversion is not a unitary dimension - To find psychophysiological markers distinguishing individuals with the discordant structure of temperament Chernyshev, Lazarev, Chernysheva, 2013. Psychology & Neuroscience, V.6, No 3, p. 235-245 Ramendik, Chernyshev, Chernysheva, 2014. Voprosy psihologii, 2014, 3, 105-117

40. Questionnaires: - EPI (Eysenck Personality Inventory)[Eysenck, 1982; Shmelyov, 2002] - PTS (Pavlovian Temperament Survey) [Strelau, 1999] - STQ (Structure of Temperament Questionnaire) [Rusalov, 1990, 2002]

41. S2, S2, S1, S2, S2, S2, S2, S1, S2, S2, S2, S1, S2, S1, S2… Modification of the oddballparadigm (Sutton et al., 1965)

42. S2, S2, S1, S2, S2, S2, S2, S1, S2, S2, S2, S1, S2, S1, S2… Modification of the oddballparadigm (Sutton et al., 1965) Deviants 1050 Hz, standards 1000 Hz, 40 ms (including 10 ms rise and fall), 85 dB, probability 1:4, ISI 2,500 ± 500 ms 15 pericentral electrodes (F3, Fz, F4, Fc3, Fcz, Fc4, C3, Cz, C4, Cp3, Cpz, Cp4, P3, Pz, P4). Statistics: general linear model, and Spearman correlation. For statistical validization bootstrapping and jackknifing procedures were used.

43. - 10 N1 - 5 N2 0 Potential, μV 5 P2 P3 10 0 - 200 200 400 600 Time, ms Grand-averaged ERPs (N=30)

44. high Extraversion low Extraversion - 10 - 5 Potential, μV 0 5 10 200 0 200 400 600 - Time, ms N1-P2 amplitude (uV) Extraversion 35 30 25 N1-P2 amplitude (uV) 20 15 10 5 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Extraversion The higher Extraversion, the smaller N1-P2 amplitude(F(1,28)=8.80, p=.006, R=-053, p=.003). This finding is in line with several reports [Stelmack, Achorn, & Michaud, 1977; Doucet, & Stelmack, 2000].

45. high Mobility of nervous processes low Mobility of nervous processes 10 - - 5 Potential, μV 0 5 10 200 0 200 400 600 - N1-P2 amplitude (uV) Mobility of nervous processes 35 30 25 N1-P2 amplitude (uV) 20 15 10 5 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 Mobility of nervous processes The higher Mobility, the smaller N1-P2 amplitude(F(1,28)=8.50, p=.007, R=-.44, p=.02). Time, ms

46. N1 amplitude (uV) N1 amplitude (uV) Extraversion Mobility of nervous processes 0 0 -5 -5 N1 amplitude (uV) -10 -10 N1 amplitude (uV) -15 -15 -20 -20 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 Extraversion Mobility of nervous processes Extraversion and Mobility of nervous process was also similarly related to N1 amplitude(F(1,28)=4.96, p=.03, R=.46, p=.01) and(F(1,28)=6.50, p=.02, R=.37, p=.04)

47. N1 amplitude (uV) N1 amplitude (uV) Extraversion Mobility of nervous processes 0 0 -5 -5 N1 amplitude (uV) -10 -10 N1 amplitude (uV) -15 -15 -20 -20 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 Extraversion Mobility of nervous processes Extraversion and Mobility of nervous process was also similarly related to N1 amplitude(F(1,28)=4.96, p=.03, R=.46, p=.01) and(F(1,28)=6.50, p=.02, R=.37, p=.04) Thus, the higher Extraversion and Mobility,the less N1 and N1-P2 amplitude

48. high Extraversion low Extraversion - 10 - 5 Potential, μV 0 5 10 200 0 200 400 600 - Time, ms N2 latency (ms) Extraversion 350 300 N2 latecy (ms) 250 200 150 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Extraversion The higher Extraversion, the shorter latency of N2(F(1,28)=6.93, p=.01, R=-.46, p=.01)

49. high social-related ergonicity low social-related ergonicity - 10 - 5 0 Potential, μV 5 10 - 200 0 200 400 600 Time, ms N2 latency (ms) Social-related ergonicity 350 300 N2 latecy (ms) 250 200 150 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 Social-related ergonicity The higher Social Ergonicity, the shorter latency ofN2(F(1,28)=12.40, p=.001, R=-.55, p=.001) Thus, the higherExtraversion and Social Ergonicitythe shorter latency of N2

50. Interim summary 1