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Breathing and Speech Production

Breathing and Speech Production. Learning Objectives. Possess a basic knowledge of respiratory anatomy sufficient to understand basic respiratory physiology and its relation to speech sound generation . Respiratory System Components. Structure and Mechanics of Respiratory System.

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Breathing and Speech Production

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  1. Breathing and Speech Production SPPA 4030 Speech Science

  2. Learning Objectives • Possess a basic knowledge of respiratory anatomy sufficient to understand basic respiratory physiology and its relation to speech sound generation. SPPA 4030 Speech Science

  3. Respiratory System Components SPPA 4030 Speech Science

  4. Structure and Mechanics of Respiratory System • Pulmonary system • Lungs and airways • Upper respiratory system • Lower respiratory system • Chest wall system • Necessary for normal vegetative and speech breathing SPPA 4030 Speech Science

  5. Chest wall system • Rib cage wall • Abdominal wall • Diaphragm • Abdominal contents SPPA 4030 Speech Science

  6. Chest wall-Lung relation • Lungs not physically attached to the thoracic walls • Lungs: visceral pleura • Thoracic wall: parietal pleura • Filled with Pleural fluid • Ppleural < Patm - “pleural linkage” allows the lungs to move with the thoracic wall • Breaking pleural linkage Ppleural = Patm - pneumothorax SPPA 4030 Speech Science

  7. Thorax SPPA 4030 Speech Science

  8. Abdomen SPPA 4030 Speech Science

  9. Diaphragm SPPA 4030 Speech Science

  10. Respiratory muscles • Diaphragm • External intercostals • Internal intercostals (interosseus & intercartilaginous) • Costal elevators • Serratus posterior superior • Serratus posterior inferior • Sternocleidomastoid • Scalenes • Trapezius • Pectoralis major • Pectoralis minor • Serratus anterior • Transverse throacis • Rectus abdominis • External obliques • Internal obliques • Transversus abdominis • Quadratus lumborum SPPA 4030 Speech Science

  11. Learning Objectives • Describe how physical laws help explain how air is moved in and out of the body. SPPA 4030 Speech Science

  12. Moving Air  Vt = Palv Palv < Patm (- Palv) P differential = density differential  air molecules flowing into lungs = inspiration  Vt = Palv Palv > Patmos(+ Palv) P differential = density differential  air molecules flow out of lungs = expiration Patm: atmospheric pressure Palv: alveolar pressure Vt: thoracic volume P = k/V: Boyle’s Law SPPA 4030 Speech Science

  13. Strategies ∆ Length ∆ Circumference Changing thoracic volume (Vt) SPPA 4030 Speech Science

  14. Changing lung volume ( Vlung) • pleural linkage:Vlung = Vthoracic •  Vthoracic is • raising/lowering the ribs (circumference) • Raising:  Vthoracic = inspiration • Lowering:  Vthoracic =expiration • Raising/lowering the diaphragm (vertical dimension) • Raising: Vthoracic =expiration • Lowering: Vthoracic =inspiration SPPA 4030 Speech Science

  15. Biomechanics of the chest wall SPPA 4030 Speech Science

  16. Learning Objectives • Contrast the goals of non-speech breathing and speech breathing. SPPA 4030 Speech Science

  17. “Goals” of Breathing • Non-speech (e.g. rest) Breathing • Ventilation • Requires exchanging volumes of air • Speech Breathing • Ventilation • Requires exchanging volumes of air • Communication • Requires regulating alveolar pressure on expiration SPPA 4030 Speech Science

  18. Learning Objectives • Outline the output variables associated with breathing. • Briefly describe the methods used to measure lung volume change. • Describe the functional subdivisions of the lung volume space. • Be aware of the lungs volumes required for various respiratory activities. • Differentiate speech and rest breathing in terms of volume measures. SPPA 4030 Speech Science

  19. Output Variables: Volume • “Wet” Spirometer • Volume measured directly SPPA 4030 Speech Science

  20. Output Variables: Volume • Pneumotachograph • Sometimes called “dry” spirometry • Vented mask the covers mouth and nose • Airflow signal is then integrated to determine volume SPPA 4030 Speech Science

  21. Output Variables: Volume (REL) SPPA 4030 Speech Science

  22. Lung Volume Terminology • Tidal Volume (TV) • Volume of air inspired/expired during rest breathing. • Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) • Volume of air that can be forcefully exhaled, “below” tidal volume. • Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) • Volume of air that can be inhaled, “above” tidal volume. • Residual Volume (RV) • Volume of air left after maximal expiration. Measurable, but not easily so. • Total Lung Capacity (TLC) • Volume of air enclosed in the respiratory system (i.e. TLC=RV+ERV+TV+IRV) • Inspiratory capacity (IC) • TV + IRV • Vital Capacity (VC) • Volume of air that can be inhaled/exhaled (i.e. VC=IRV +TV+ERV) • Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) • Volume of air in the respiratory system at the REL (i.e. FRC=RV+ERV) • Resting Expiratory End Level/Resting Lung Volume (REL or RLV) • Place in lung volume space where resting tidal volume typically ends SPPA 4030 Speech Science

  23. SPPA 4030 Speech Science

  24. Output Variables: Volume Typical Volume Values • Vital Capacity: 4-5 liters • Total Lung Capacity: 5-6 liters • REL: 40 % VC (upright) Rest Breathing • Tidal Volume: ~ 10 % VC • Insp/Exp Timing: ~50:50 • Respiratory Rate: 12-15 breaths/minute Speech Breathing • Tidal Volume: 20-25 % VC • Insp/Exp Timing: ~10:90 • Respiratory Rate: variable Rest Breathing vs. Speech Breathing SPPA 4030 Speech Science

  25. Learning Objectives • Briefly describe the methods used to measure/infer alveolar pressure. • Contrast speech and rest breathing in terms of alveolar pressure. • Be aware of the alveolar pressure required for various respiratory activities. SPPA 4030 Speech Science

  26. Output Variables: Pressure • Termed Manometry • pressure transducers may be placed at various locations in the body • Mouth • Trachea • Thoracic esophagus • Abdominal esophagus SPPA 4030 Speech Science

  27. Quantifying aerodynamic Pressure SPPA 4030 Speech Science

  28. Output Variables: Pressure Typical Values Resting Tidal Breathing Palv: +/- 1-2 cm H20 Speech Breathing Palv: +8-10 cm H20 during expiration SPPA 4030 Speech Science

  29. Learning Objectives • Briefly describe methods used to measure changes in chest wall shape. • Be aware of the factors that influence changes in chest wall shape. SPPA 4030 Speech Science

  30. Output Variables: Shape • Rib cage wall and abdominal walls are free to move • Changing either can influence lung volume • A wide variety of chest wall configurations are possible. • Configurations appear to be a function of biomechanical and task-based factors. SPPA 4030 Speech Science

  31. Output Variables: Shape SPPA 4030 Speech Science

  32. SPPA 4030 Speech Science

  33. Output Variables: Shape SPPA 4030 Speech Science

  34. Volume, pressure and Shape Changed during speech breathing SPPA 4030 Speech Science

  35. Learning Objectives • Describe the elasticity of the respiratory system and its relation to REL. • Apply the bellows analogy to the respiratory system. SPPA 4030 Speech Science

  36. Respiratory System Mechanics • It is spring-like (elastic) • Elastic systems have an equilibrium point (rest position) • What happens when you displace it from equilibrium? SPPA 4030 Speech Science

  37. Displacement away from equilibrium Restoring force back to equilibrium Longer than equilibrium equilibrium SPPA 4030 Speech Science

  38. Displacement away from equilibrium Restoring force back to equilibrium Shorter than equilibrium equilibrium SPPA 4030 Speech Science

  39. Displacement away from equilibrium Restoring force back to equilibrium Shorter than equilibrium Longer than equilibrium equilibrium SPPA 4030 Speech Science

  40. Equilibrium point ~ REL SPPA 4030 Speech Science

  41. Displacement away from REL Restoring force back to REL Lung Volume Below REL Lung Volume Above REL REL SPPA 4030 Speech Science

  42. Is the respiratory system heavily or lightly damped? SPPA 4030 Speech Science

  43. Respiratory Mechanics: Bellow’s Analogy • Bellows volume = lung volume • Handles = respiratory muscles • Spring = elasticity of the respiratory system – recoil or relaxation pressure SPPA 4030 Speech Science

  44. No pushing or pulling on the handles ~ no exp. or insp. muscle activity • Volume ~ REL • Patmos = Palv, no airflow SPPA 4030 Speech Science

  45. At REL muscle force elastic force • pull handles outward from rest • V increases ~ Palv decreases • Inward air flow • INSPIRATION muscle force SPPA 4030 Speech Science

  46. At REL muscle force elastic force • push handles inward from rest • V decreases ~ Palv increases • outward air flow • EXPIRATION muscle force SPPA 4030 Speech Science

  47. Respiratory Mechanics: Bellow’s Analogy Forces acting on the bellows/lungs are due to • Elastic properties of the system • Passive • Always present • Muscle activity • Active • Under nervous system control (automatic or voluntary) SPPA 4030 Speech Science

  48. Learning Objectives • Use the modified pressure-relaxation curve to explain the active and passive forces involved in controlling the respiratory system. • Provide muscular solutions for producing target alveolar pressures at various regions of the lung volume space. • Differentiate between volume and pulsatile demands during speech breathing. • Outline the differences in the muscular strategies used for rest and speech breathing. SPPA 4030 Speech Science

  49. Forces due to elasticity of system(no active muscle activity) • Recoil forces are proportionate to the amount of displacement from rest • Recoil forces ~ Palv • Relaxation pressure curve • Plots Palv due to recoil force against lung volume SPPA 4030 Speech Science

  50. Traditional Relaxation Pressure Curve Hixon, Weismer & Hoit SPPA 4030 Speech Science

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