Change in the Movement

1. Change in the Movement • When James Meredith was shot • MLK and Stokely Carmichael continued the March • Carmichael was a Leader in SNCC • MLK was assaulted by a police officer and Carmichael was going to fight back • MLK scolded him for breaking from Nonviolence • “No mood to compromise with racist arrogance” • “We been saying freedom for six years and we ain’t got nothin” • “What we gonna start saying now is BLACK POWER” • Signaled a change in how blacks wanted and would achieve their goals • What are the Goals??????

2. Violence Explodes in 1964 • Anger over: • the slow pace of progress • Government’s weak support • Police brutality • Economic and social conditions keeping blacks in poverty • Job & neighborhood discrimination • Result: • Riots and violent protest in urban cities across the nation

3. Urban Riots Erupt • 1965 Watts (Los Angeles)- 6 days of riots • 34 dead, 900 injured, 4000 arrested • $45 million in damage • 1967 Detroit, Michigan (43 dead, 1000 wounded • 1967 Newark, New Jersey (6 days of riots) • All happened in the summer • Government investigates what is causing such social strife • KernerCommision • “Nation is moving toward two societies, one black, one white – separate and unequal.” • Found “clear pattern of severe disadvantage for blacks compared with whites.” (2x as likely to live in poverty) • Conclusion- Make good on promises of American Democracy for “ALL” “Some” concluded that the only way to move the system was Violence https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_hOoW0U6g_E

4. Malcolm “X” Little” and Nation Of Islam • Born in 1925, • Father was Civil Rights activist with Marcus Garvey • Father is Murdered by White Supremacists • Mother has nervous breakdown • 8 kids are raised in foster homes • Life of crime, ends up in Jail for 7 years (robbery and Drugs) where he is intro’ed to The Nation of Islam • The Nation Of Islam (NOI) was an activist group that believed that most African slaves were originally Muslim. • Leader Elijah Muhammad • Believed white America was actively trying to keep black people down • The NOI urged African Americans to reconvert to Islam in effort to restore the heritage that was stolen from them. • The NOI wanted to create a second Black nation within the United States. • The “X” in Malcolm’s name symbolizes the rejection of his slave name.

5. Malcolm X: The Activist • Malcolm X made constant accusations of racism and demanded violent actions of self defense. • Retold the injustices blacks suffered in the past. • Gathered wide spread admiration from African American’s • wide spread fear from Whites • Spoke of whites as devils • Black Nationalist Movement • Promoted complete separation from white society

6. Black Power • Black Power is a term that emphasizes racial pride and the desire for African Americans to achieve equality. • Political, economic power • Pride in being black • The term was popularized by Stokely Carmichael (SNCC) (Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee) • Many SNCC members were becoming critical of leaders that articulated non-violent responses to racism. • SNCC becomes “All Black Org.” • “Black people must be doing and articulating for themselves” –Carmichael • “Get you some guns and Kill the honkies.” – H. Rap Brown Stokely Carmichael

7. Black Panther Party for Self-Defense • Founded in 1966 in Oakland, CA • by Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale. • Goals: • Provided services for black communities • Free Breakfast for children • Medical Clinics • “Police the Police” • Stop police brutality • Believed violent revolution was the only way to receive freedom. • Urged African Americans to arm themselves. • FBI raided offices and homes • Arrested members • Discredited members • By mid-1970s group disintegrated, under government pressure

8. Afrocentrism on the Rise • Pride in African Heritage • Felt history ignored many contributions of African people • Eurocentric vs Afrocentrism • Kwanzaa is invented Celebrated by many in the 1960s • Celebrate African American Culture • 1977- ROOTS- 12 Hour TV series • “most spectacular educational experience in race relations in America.”

9. Tommie Smith and John Carlos • Tommie Smith and John Carlos give the Black Power salute at the 1968 Summer Olympics. • The two men were suspended by the United States team and banned from Olympic village. • The action is considered a milestone of The Civil Rights Movement.

10. Black Power Legacy 1st - Motivated African Americas to take greater pride in their racial heritage • “Worst crime…by whites…was teaching us to hate ourselves” – X • X insisted that blacks call themselves African Americans- symbol of pride in their heritage 2nd – Forced Civil Rights leaders like MLK to focus attention on the plight of urban blacks • Shifts focus from segregation and voting to Economic inequalities (which will get MLK killed)

11. Affirmative Action • Kennedy, Johnson and Nixon all pushed for Affirmative Action • “leveling the playing field was not enough” • Meant to counteract past discrimination • Employers were to actively increase the numbers of minorities (& women) in their workforce • Controversial – • Preferential treatment to those less qualified • Reverse discrimination • Regents of University of California v. Bakke • Race could be used as a criteria for admission • But not only factor to be used • Racial quotas are unconstitutional

12. Influencing other movements • Civil Rights inspired others to stand up for their rights in the 60s & 70s • Women- National Org for Women (NOW) • Wanted reforms to ensure greater equality • Women’s Liberation: Fight “Sexism” • Reproductive Control = Greater Freedom • 1960 FDA approves Birth Control Pill • 1973- Roe v. Wade- Protects women's right to terminate pregnancy • Latinos- “Brown Power” • United Farm Workers- Increase wages • Bilingual Education Act 1968- public schools provide bilingual instruction • American Indians- “Red Power” • American Indian Movement (AIM)- protest years of poor treatment • Received money, land and increase autonomy on reservations

13. Other groups • Asian Americans- “Yellow Power” • United with Latino Farm workers for rights • College students demand greater participation in university affairs • JACL- Japanese American Citizens League: receive compensation for all survivors of Japanese American internment during WW2 ($20,000) • Disabled Americans- Demand equal accessibility to campuses and society • Won passage of ADA- Americans with Disabilities Act (braille signes, ramps, bathrooms, etc.) • Gay Americans • Stonewall Riots- Police raid gay bar, homosexuality was illegal, fight ensues • Brought gay rights to social front

14. Vietnam 1964-5 • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x9jpgLRuf3o