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Electric Vehicles 101

Electric Vehicles 101. An Introduction By Dan Lauber Nov 13, 2009. Electric Vehicles 101. A Brief History Advantages Challenges Meeting the Challenge EV’s Today EV’s at MIT. Locomotives. Golf Carts. Fork Lifts. Busses. Nuclear Submarines. Elevators. Kinds of Electric Vehicles.

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Electric Vehicles 101

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  1. Electric Vehicles 101 An Introduction By Dan Lauber Nov 13, 2009 EVs 101

  2. Electric Vehicles 101 • A Brief History • Advantages • Challenges • Meeting the Challenge • EV’s Today • EV’s at MIT EVs 101

  3. Locomotives Golf Carts Fork Lifts Busses Nuclear Submarines Elevators Kinds of Electric Vehicles Sources: www.umcycling.com/mbtabus.html, GE, Toyota EVs 101

  4. Hydrogen Fuel Cell Solar Racer Hybrid MIT CityCar Full-Size Battery Electric Neighborhood Electric Kinds of Electric Cars Sources: Honda, Toyota, GEM, MIT EVs 101

  5. History of EV’s • 1830’s • Battery electric vehicle invented by Thomas Davenport, Robert Anderson, others - using non-rechargeable batteries • Davenport’s car holds all vehicle land speed records until ~1900 • 1890’s • EV’s outsold gas cars 10 to 1, Oldsmobile and Studebaker started as EV companies • 1904 • First speeding ticket, issued to driver of an EV • Krieger Company builds first hybrid vehicle • 1910’s • Mass-produced Ford cars undercut hand-built EV’s • EV’s persist as status symbols and utility vehicles until Great Depression Ford Electric #2 Detroit Electric Source: http://www.eaaev.org/History/index.html EVs 101

  6. 1968 – Great Electric Car Race • Trans-continental race between MIT and Caltech • 53 charging stations, spaced 60 mi apart • MIT’s car used $20k of NiCd batteries ($122k in 2008 dollars), CalTech’s cost $600 EVs 101

  7. 1970 - Clean Air Car Race • 50+ cars raced from MIT to Caltech using many alternative powertrains • CalTech – Regenerative braking • Boston Electric Car Club – Battery Swapping • Toronto University – Parallel hybrid design very similar to modern Prius architecture • MIT – Series hybrid and electrically commutated motor Sources: see http://mit.edu/evt/CleanAirCarRace.html EVs 101

  8. 1990’s – EV1:Who Killed the Electric Car? AKA: Would you have bought it? REALLY? • Program cost > $1bn • 800 units leased • $574/mo. Lease without state rebates • 2 seats • 80-140 mi. range Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Motors_EV1 EVs 101

  9. What is an EV? And how does it work? EVs 101

  10. Battery Fuel Battery Fuel Motor/Generator Engine Motor/Generator Engine Transmission Transmission Transmission Electrification Conventional Hybrid Battery Electric EVs 101

  11. Micro Hybrid Mild Hybrid Full Hybrid Plug-in Hybrid Citroën C3 Honda Insight Toyota Prius Chevy Volt Degrees of Hybridization Efficiency Source: http://www.hybridcenter.org/hybrid-center-how-hybrid-cars-work-under-the-hood.html EVs 101

  12. Energy Loss : City Driving Urban Drive Cycle Energy Balance2005 3 L Toyota Camry Standby 8% Aero 3% Fuel Tank 100% 16% 13% Engine Driveline Rolling 4% Braking 6% Driveline Losses 3% Engine Loss 76% POWERTRAIN VEHICLE-Related EVs 101

  13. Energy Loss : Highway Driving Highway Drive Cycle Energy Balance2005 3 L Toyota Camry Standby 0% Aero 10% Fuel Tank: 100% 23% 19% Engine Driveline Rolling 7% Braking 2% Driveline Losses 4% Engine Loss 77% POWERTRAIN VEHICLE-Related EVs 101

  14. Energy Saving : Hybrid Systems Micro Hybrid Eliminates Standby 8% Aero 3% Fuel Tank: 100% 16% 13% Engine Driveline Rolling 4% Braking 6% Driveline Losses 3% Engine Loss 76% Full Hybrid Reduces • Engine downsizing • Decoupling of engine and wheel Mild Hybrid Reduces Plug-in • Can eliminate engine entirely EVs 101

  15. Energy Loss : City Driving – Electric Vehicle Urban Drive Cycle Energy Balance Aero 29% Batteries 100% 90% 76% Motor Driveline Rolling 35% Braking 11% Driveline Losses 14% Motor Loss 10% POWERTRAIN VEHICLE-Related EVs 101

  16. Well-to-Wheels Efficiency Well-to-Tank Tank-to-Wheels 31% 23% Generation 33% Transmission 94% Plug-to-Wheels 76% 31% 76% = 23% Refining 82% Transmission 98% Pump-to-Wheels 16% 13% 80% 80% 16% = 13% Source: http://www.nesea.org EVs 101 [http://www.nesea.org/]]

  17. How PHEV’s Work • All-electric range • Get home with exactly no battery left • Charge-sustaining mode [Tate, Harpster, and Savagian 2008] EVs 101

  18. Technical EVs 101

  19. What is an EPA rating? • Conditions • Drive cycle: e.g. city or highway cycle, real-world, or constant speed • Test temperature • Start: (warm or cold) Fuel: convert to gasoline-equivalent • Test mass: (accounts for passengers and cargo) • MPGe rating • PHEV’s EVs 101

  20. Terminology • State of charge (SOC) • Battery capacity, expressed as a percentage of maximum capacity • Depth of Discharge (DOD) • The percentage of battery capacity that has been discharged • Capacity • The total Amp-hours (Amp-hr) available when the battery is discharged at a specific current (specified as a C-rate) from 100% SOC • Energy • The total Watt-hours (Wh) available when the battery is discharged at a specific current (specified as a C-rate) from 100% SOC • Specific Energy (Wh/kg) • The total Watt-hours (Wh)per unit mass • Specific Power • Maximum power (Watts) that the battery can provide per unit mass, function of internal resistance of battery EVs 101

  21. Benefits EVs 101

  22. Benefits of EVs and PHEVs • More efficient, lower fuel costs, lower emissions • Simpler transmission, fewer moving parts • Fuel Choice • Oil/energy independence • Emissions improve with time • Emissions at few large locations is easier to control than millions of tailpipes EVs 101

  23. V2G (Vehicle to Grid) Technology • Allows communication between utility and vehicle • Allow integration of more renewables like wind • Used EV batteries could be used as stationary batteries for utilities • With so much focus on energy efficiency reducing electricity sales and expensive renewable energy generation mandated, EVs could be a welcome new segment for utilities • They could still be a nightmare • Batteries could provide ancillary services Source: McKinsey EVs 101

  24. Night-time Charging Peak wind power production EVs 101

  25. Electricity Sources EVs 101

  26. Power Grid Capacity • When BEV’s represent 20% of the vehicle market, they comprise only 2% of the power market Source: McKinsey, Mike Khusid EVs 101

  27. Operating Costs Battery Electric Vehicle At 15,000 miles/year, you would save $700/year on fuel The estimated price range for advanced batteries is $500 - $1,000 per kWh ~ buying 1 kWh of battery energy (~3 miles of electric range) each year Conventional Gasoline Vehicle EVs 101

  28. CO2 Emissions EVs 101

  29. Biofuels vs. Biomass, Solar • Biomass Electricity about 80% more efficient than Biofuel • Solar Panels to charge a car would fit on your roof. EVs 101

  30. Challenges Why don’t they catch on? A conspiracy? EVs 101

  31. Gasoline: The (almost) perfect fuel Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_density EVs 101

  32. 340kg 54 gal 2.7 kg Energy Equivalency Gas 1 Gallon Batteries 21 Li-ion batteries(Car battery size) 135 MJ of energy EVs 101

  33. Challenges • Limited Range • Large battery weight/size • Long Charge times • High initial cost • Battery life • Consumer acceptance • Grid Integration EVs 101

  34. Operating Costs • In Europe, $60/barrel oil is enough, • In the US, $4/gal gas is needed to be price competitive EVs 101

  35. Addressing customer perception • Accepting limited range • Most people drive less than 40 mi/day • Most cars are parked 23 hours of the day anyway • Smaller vehicles & reduced performance • In the last 30 years, nearly 100% of efficiency improvements have gone to increasing vehicle size and performance, not reducing consumption • How do you get people to charge at the right time? Source: On the Road in 2035, Heywood, et.al. EVs 101

  36. Meeting the Challenges EVs 101

  37. Range Anxiety • Battery Swapping vs. Fast Charging Source: http://pneumaticaddict.wordpress.com/2009/03/10/hybridcarscom-mercedes-rejects-electric-car-battery-swapping/ EVs 101

  38. Better Place Model Business plan like that of mobile phone Better Place owns the batteries, the consumer pays for energy (miles) Plan includes charging stations and battery swapping So far: Israel, Denmark Australia, California, Hawaii, and Canada 100,000 charging stations planned for Hawaii by 2012 EVs 101

  39. Rapid Charging • Batteries • Altairnano • A123 • Balance of system • Rapid Charge Stations – Don’t need many • Refueling a car is ~10MW going through your hand EVs 101

  40. Batteries • Lithium sources • We’re not Lithium constrained • Abundant • Recyclable • Recycling – 90% recoverable • Extending battery life • Battery management systems • Weight/Volume reductions • Alternative chemistries EVs 101

  41. Battery Cost : Learning Curves Source: McKinsey Quarterly: Electrifying Cars: How three industries will evolve EVs 101

  42. Initial Cost • Companies that sell cars, but lease the batteries • Leases like Power Purchase Agreements • Split operating cost savings with financer • Charging Infrastructure • Charging subscription plans EVs 101

  43. 2008 Federal Plug-in Electric Drive Vehicle Tax Credit EVs 101

  44. Adoption Rate of EV’s Source: Thomas Becker, UC Berkeley, 2009 EVs 101

  45. Looking Forward • Tipping point will be ~2020 when 10% of vehicles sold will be BEV’s • Battery cost: ~$700-$1,500 / kWh, down to $420 by 2015, but still too high. • Price Premium • PHEV40 $11,800 > ICE • EV100 $24,100 > ICE • Long-term PHEV’s will beat out HEV’s • PHEV’s likely to dominate BEVs • A 30-50% reduction in fuel consumption by 2035 *Heywood • 47% reduction by 2030 *McKinsey Source: McKinsey Quarterly: Electrifying Cars: How three industries will evolve ; http://newenergynews.blogspot.com/2009/08/mckinsey-looks-at-coming-ev-phenomenon.html EVs 101

  46. EVs NOW When can I get one? EVs 101

  47. EV’s Today EVs 101

  48. Tesla Roadster Top speed: 125 mph Acceleration: 0-60 in 3.7 sec Range: 244 mi MSRP: $110,000 EVs 101

  49. EV’s Available Soon Fisker Karma (PHEV50)$87,900 Delivery 2010 Tesla Model S$57,400 Delivery ~2012 2011 Chevy Volt (PHEV40)$40,000 EVs 101

  50. 2010 Mitsubishi I MIEV $24,000 (Japan) Th!nk City ~$25,000 (europe) 2010 Nissan Leaf$25,000 (30 min charge) 2010 Aptera 2e ~$25,000 (PHEV100) EV’s Available Soon And many others… EVs 101

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