Hans Richner Steering Group Radiofrequency Coordination (SG RFC)

1. WMO Commission for Basic Systems “The needs for protection of frequencies used for passive sensing in meteorology, climatology and environmental studies” Hans Richner Steering Group Radiofrequency Coordination (SG RFC)

2. Requirements of the meteorological community for radiofrequency spectrum basically for three purposes: • 1. telecommunication data collection data dissemination telemetry • 2. active remote sensing • 3. passive remote sensing

3. 1. telecommunication, data collection, data dissemination, telemetryradiosondessatellitesDCPs

4. 2. active remote sensingradarwind profiler satellite

5. 3. passive remote sensingspace based ground based

7. requirements of the meteorological community for radiofrequency spectrum listed by major systems - radiosondes - meteorological radar - windprofiler - meteorological satellites = control and housekeeping = passive sensing = active sensing - DCPs - general telecommunication

8. MSG (Meteosat-8) Color composite image of Red (NIR 1.6), Green (VIS 0.8), and Blue (VIS 0.6) taken on 12 February 2003 (13:45 UTC).

10. O2 absorption spectrum

11. for SG RFC: Hans Richner, IACETH, Zurich major future threats: introduction of numerous ultra-wideband systems UWS (spread spectrum technique) -- serious threat for passive sensing persistent pressure on bands used for radiosounding exploding numbers of cell phones, introduction of UMTS, wireless LANs, microwave-based collision warning systems ... two years ago WMO CBS ICT ISS Meeting, September 9 to 13, 2002, Geneva

12. principle of UWB (Ultra Wide Band) systems

16. water vapor absorption around 24 GHz

17. water vapor mixing ratio as seen by NOAA satellite

18. ASMUWARA, the All-Sky MUlti WAvelength RAdiometer Institute for Applied Physics, University of Bern (IAP)

19. Frequency bands and bandwidths used for satellite passive sensing (1) Frequency BW (GHz) (MHz) main measurements 1.4-1.427 100 soil moisture, salinity, ocean surface temperature, vegetation index 2.69-2.70 60 salinity, soil moisture 4.2 - 4.4 200 ocean surface temperature 6.7 - 7.1 400 ocean surface temperature (no allocation) 10.6 - 10.7 100 rain, snow, ice, sea state, ocean wind,ocean surface temperature,soil moisture 15.35 - 15.40 200 water vapour, rain 18.6 - 18.8 200 rain, sea state, ocean ice, water vapour,snow 21.2-21.4 200 water vapour,cloud liquid water 22.21-22.50 300 water vapour,cloud liquid water 23.6 - 24.0 400 water vapour, cloud liquid water 31.3 - 31.8 500 window channel associated to temperature measurements 36-37 1000 rain, snow, ocean ice, water vapour,cloud liquid water,ocean wind,soil moisture

20. Frequency bands and bandwidths used for satellite passive sensing (2) Frequency BW (GHz) (MHz) main measurements 50.2 - 50.4 200 O2 (temperature profiling) 52.6 - 59.3 6700 O2 (temperature profiling) 86 - 92 6000 Clouds, ice, snow, rain 100 - 102 2000 N2O 109.5 - 111.8 2300 O3 114.25 - 122.25 8000 O2 (temperature profiling), CO 148.5 - 151.5 3000 window channel 155.5 - 158.5 3000 window channel (to be terminated on 1 January 2018) 164 - 167 3000 window channel 174.8 - 191.8 17000 H2O (moisture profiling), N2O, O3 200 - 209 9000 H2O, O3, N2O 226 - 232 6000 clouds, CO 235 - 238 3000 O3 250 – 252 2000 N2O 275 – 277 2000 N2O

21. Frequency bands and bandwidths used for satellite passive sensing (3) Frequency BW (GHz) (MHz) Main measurements 294 – 306 12000 N2O, O3, O2, HNO3, HOCl 316 – 334 10000 water vapour profiling, O3, HOCl 342 – 349 7000 CO, HNO3, CH3Cl, O3, O2, HOCl, H2O 363 – 365 2000 O3 371 – 389 18000 water vapour profiling 416 – 434 18000 temperature profiling 442 – 444 2000 water vapour 486 – 506 9000 O3, CH3Cl, N2O, BrO, ClO 546 – 568 22000 temperature profiling 624 – 629 5000 BrO, O3, HCl, SO2, H2O2, HOCl, HNO3 634 – 654 20000 CH3Cl, HOCl, ClO, H2O, N2O, BrO, O3, HO2, HNO3 659 – 661 2000 BrO 684 – 692 8000 ClO, CO, CH3Cl 730 – 732 2000 O2, HNO3 851 – 853 2000 NO 951 – 956 5000 O2, NO, H2O

22. O3,CH3Cl, HOCl, ClO, HNO3, N2O, H2O2, HCN, BrO, SO2, ...

23. absorption lines between 275 GHz and 1 THz -- tomorrows resources!?

24. caution: dirty tricks! Footnote to Radio Regulations: S5.340 All emissions are prohibited in the following bands:1 400 - 1 427 MHz2 690 - 2 700 MHz except those provided for by Nos. S5.421 an S5.42210.68 - 10.7 GHz except those provided for by No. S5.48315.35 - 15.4 GHz except those provided for by No. S5.511 23.6 - 24 GHz……………….………………. we all know: there are unwanted emissions! unwanted emissions: consist of spurious emissions and out-of-band emissions

25. out-of-band emissions: Emissions on a frequency or frequencies immediately outside the necessary bandwidth which results from the modulation process, but excluding spurious emissions spurious emissions: Emissions on a frequency or frequencies which are outside the necessary bandwidth and the level of which may be reduced without affecting the corresponding transmission of information. Spurious emissions include harmonic emissions, parasitic emissions, intermodulation products and frequencies and frequency conversion products, but exclude out-of-band emissions.

26. Footnote to Radio Regulations: S5.340 All emissions are prohibited in the following bands:1 400 - 1 427 MHz2 690 - 2 700 MHz except those provided for by Nos. S5.421 an S5.42210.68 - 10.7 GHz except those provided for by No. S5.48315.35 - 15.4 GHz except those provided for by No. S5.51123.6 - 24 GHz caution: dirty tricks! intentional

27. what will happen in the next years? Europe Japan U.S.

29. what is needed? telecommunication people must be made aware of the technique of passive remote sensing! meteorologists must be made aware that there is no unlimited spectrum! constructive dialogue!

30. looking for more detailed information? get a copy of

31. The meteorological community will crucially depend on the availability of protected frequency bands for passive sensing! thank you for your attention!