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Degrees of Freedom

Translation – movement along X, Y, and Z axis (three degrees of freedom). Degrees of Freedom. An object in space has six degrees of freedom. Rotation – rotate about X, Y, and Z axis (three degrees of freedom). Degrees of Freedom (DOF). Planar (2D) mechanisms.

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Degrees of Freedom

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  1. Translation – movement along X, Y, and Z axis (three degrees of freedom) Degrees of Freedom An object in space has six degrees of freedom. • Rotation – rotate about X, Y, and Z axis • (three degrees of freedom)

  2. Degrees of Freedom (DOF) Planar (2D) mechanisms Degrees of Freedom– number of independent coordinates required to completely specify the position of the link Three independent coordinates needed to specify the location of the link AB, xA, yA, and angle  An unconstrained link in the plane has three degrees of freedom, mechanism with L links has 3L degrees of freedom

  3. Mechanism is a mechanical device that has the purpose of transferring motion and/or force from a source to an output. • Linkage consists of links (or bars), generally considered rigid, which are connected by joints, such as pins (or revolutes), or prismatic joints, to form open or closed chains (or loops). • Such ,kinematic chains with at least one link fixed, become • (1) mechanisms if at least two other links retain mobility, or • (2)structures if no mobility remains. In other words, a mechanism permits relative motion between its “rigid” links; a structure does not.

  4. Link – the rigid connection between two or more elements of kinematic pairs. • Rigidity – means there can be no relative motion between two arbitrarily chosen points on the same link. • The purpose of a link is to hold constant spatial relationship between the elements of its pairs.

  5. Type of Joints – Kinematic Pairs Lower Pairs – motion is transmitted through an area contact, pin and slider joints. Higher Pairs – motion is transmitted through a line or a point contact; gears, rollers, and spherical joints.

  6. Examples of Lower Pair Links with associated Degrees of Freedom

  7. Each pin connection removes two degrees of freedom of relative motion between two successive links. Two degrees of freedom joints are sometimes called a half a joint (Norton). A slider is constrained against moving in the vertical direction as well as being constrained from rotating in the plane. A spheric pair is a ball and socket joint, 3 DOF. The helical pair has the sliding and rotational motion related by the helix angle of the screw. Planar pair is seldom used Degrees of Freedom (DOF) – Type of Joints, Lower Pairs

  8. DOF ≤ 0 structure mechanism DOF > 0 Degrees of Freedom (DOF)

  9. DOF = 3(L – 1) – 2J1– J2 DOF = 3(4 – 1) – 2(4) – (0) = 1 Slider crank mechanism L = 4 , J1 = 3 pin connections + 1 slider = 4 J2 = 0 DOF = 3(4 – 1) – 2(4) – (0) = 1 Degree of Freedom (DOF) – example Four Bar mechanism L = 4 , J1 = 4 pin connections, J2 = 0 1 DOF means only one input (power source) is needed to control the mechanism

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