Taxation without Representation

1. Spirit of Independence Chapter 5 Taxation without Representation Section 1 122-125

2. Relations with Britain The French and Indian War—1754 • France and Great Britain-were fighting over who got custody and control of North America. • Left Britain with a huge debt. • Needed colonist to pay more taxes. • Nine Year War • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ktkw7iSITkc

3. Proclamation of 1763: • Prohibited colonists from crossing the Appalachian Mountains due to the unknown, possible hostiles living in that region. • British control westward movement • Kept colonist near East Coast to ensure market for goods • Britain controlled fur trade

5. British Trade Laws • Worries of smuggling goods instead of paying taxes. • Writs of assistance-To allow customs officers to enter any location to search for smuggled goods.

6. Sugar Act • First attempt to raise income from the Colonies • Duty(taxes) on sugar and molasses not obtained from Britain • Smuggling cases were tried in Great Britain • Interfered with rights of citizens

8. Official government stamp required • newspapers, diplomas, almanacs, marriage licenses, wills, and playing cards needed an embossed stamp • First internal tax paying for British protection • This angers the colonists Stamp Act (1765)

9. Protesting the Stamp Act • Parliament had interfered in colonies affairs • Taxed the colonists without their consent

10. Patrick Henry would persuade the VA House of Burgesses to take action against the Stamp Act. Started by Samuel Adams--protested the Stamp Act Sons of Liberty form to protest-Effect of Stamp Act • burning effigies (stuffed dummies) • hanging lanterns in liberty • trees • tar and feathering custom officials • destroying homes of British tax collectors

11. Stamp Act Congress Meets Nine colonies meet in NY –only colonial governments can tax Impact? • refusing to buy stamps • Boycotting (refusing to buy) English goods • Non-importation agreements are signed by merchants

12. The Townshend Acts—1767 • The Townshend Acts, or duties, were the last straw. • Import duties on tea, lead, glass, and paint colors • Smugglers increased their activities to avoid the tax leading to more troops in Boston • Money used to pay royal governors • “No taxation without representation” became a cry for American colonists. Townshend

13. Daughters of Liberty form Women colonists wear homespun fabrics and refuse to buy British goods (especially tea)

14. Building Colonial Unity • Page 126-129 • Trouble in BOSTON • Britain sent troops to set up in center of Boston

15. Tax for thought: • How would you feel if you lived in one of the colonies and Britain was making you pay taxes on goods? What impact would this have on your loyalty to Britain?

16. Boston Massacre • Americans were throwing snowballs at British sentries. • One British soldier fell on ice, causing his rifle to discharge. • This accidental firing led to the historical Boston Massacre in which five colonists were killed. • Crispus Attucks was the person of color casualty of the Revolutionary War. • Parliament canceled the Townshend duties, all except for the tea tax, shortly after. • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-K2UgQFRr38

18. CRISPUS ATTUCKS(1723?-1770) The Boston Massacre was used as propaganda to sway public opinion against British.

19. Primary Source Activity • Look at the Picture: • Make inferences about the picture.

20. Committee of Correspondence is formed. • Started by Sam Adams • calls for continued • resistance to British rule • Also spreads information throughout the colonies

21. British East India Company had a monopoly (total control) over tea trading in America. Tea was sold directly to colonists. Tea was still taxed. Effect? 16. Tea Act (1773)

22. Colonists boarded tea ships • Tea was dumped overboard Boston Tea Party (1773) Sons of Liberty throw 342 crates of tea into the harbor in protest of the tax on tea. • British sold tea even more cheaply than smuggled tea • Colonists dressed up as Mohawks • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QyxVKi_EYwY

23. Coercive Acts/Intolerable Acts(1774) • Served as punishment for resistance to British law: • Boston Harbor is closed until payment for damaged tea is received • Bostonians must house British soldiers • Colonists felt rights were violated. • Colonists called the coercive acts intolerable. • Intolerable means painful and unbearable. • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LcNcyj4-CzI

24. Boston Tea Party: Eyewitness Account • Activity using eyewitness accounts and you interpretations.

25. Quebec Act • created Canadian Gov’t(1774) • granted full rights to Fr. Roman Catholics Area added QUEBEC

26. A Call to Arms • Section 3 132-137 • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HlUiSBXQHCw

27. First Continental Congress • 56 Delegates • Included George Washington, Patrick Henry and Sam Adams • Direct response to Intolerable Acts • Met in Philadelphia – 1774 PRIMARY SOURCE: “The distinctions between Virginians, Pennsylvanians, New Yorkers, and New Englanders, are no more . I am not a Virginian, but American.” Patrick Henry at the Continental Congress

28. Key Leaders: • Massachusetts: • Samuel Adams, John Adams, John Hancock • Virginia: • Patrick Henry, Thomas Jefferson, Richard Henry Lee, George Washington • Pennsylvania: • John DickinsonBenjamin Franklin

29. Decisions of the Congress! • The Congress did the following: • Drafted a statement of grievances calling for the repeal of 13 Acts of Parliament (Coercive Acts)! • Laws that violated their rights as English citizens! • Voted to boycott all British goods until the Acts were repealed! • No British goods could be bought or used in the colonies!

30. Endorsed the Suffolk Resolves (Suffolk County, Mass) • Called for the Colonies to arm themselves against the British by forming militias (groups of citizen soldiers) • Asked King George III himself to intervene(wanted him to bring relief to the American colonies)! • Decided to meet again (Second Continental Congress) if their demands were not met! • They would then organize a rebellion against Great Britain!

31. Blows would Decide! • As militias around the colonies began to form, Massachusetts prepared for war! • Most people believed that if fighting broke out it would be there! • Thousands of British troops in and around Boston! • Militias held frequent training sessions! • Called themselves “Minutemen” – they would be ready at any minutes notice to fight the British! • Made bullets, stockpiled weapons!

32. The British too prepared for a conflict! • King George III not pleased with the decisions of the Continental Congress! • Had not intention of bringing relief! • Declared that the Colonies were in a “state of rebellion” and that “blows must decide” who would control America! • By Executive Order: • Sent more troops to Boston under British General Thomas Gage. • Objective: disarm the citizens of Massachusetts, put down any form of rebellion, and arrest rebel leaders • Samuel Adams and John Hancock in particular!

33. On to Concord! • General Gage learned that the Mass militia was storing arms at Concord (a small village 18 miles northwest of Boston) • He ordered 700 troops under Colonel Francis Smith to seize the weapons! • On April 18, 1775 They left Boston under the cover of darkness! • The Colonists were waiting and ready for action! • Troop movements were discovered by Dr. Joseph Warren • Hung two lamps form the Old North Church – one if by land two if by sea! • The British were crossing the Charles River! • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GUwfnC0jaDs

34. Two riders were waiting for the message! • They were to ride through the night and warn of the impending crisis! • Paul Revere and William Dawescalled the minutemen into action • “The Redcoats are coming!” or “The Regulars are out!” • Minutemen quickly assembled near Lexington! • They were ready for a fight!

35. Lexington & Concord [April 19, 1775]

36. THE COLONISTS HAVE HAD ENOUGH!!! THE SHOT HEARD AROUND THE WORLD!!! FIRST BATTLE OF REVOLUTION LEXINGTON & CONCORD http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sLLg7l_rSuY

37. Lexington“The shot heard round the world” • The British reached Lexington at dawn • 70 militiamen under Captain John Parker were waiting! • Colonists greatly outnumbered • Started to disperse! • A shot was fired – no one knows who! • Both sides opened fire • 8 minutemen lay dead! • It was the start of the American Revolution!

38. After the Lexington skirmish, the British continued their march to Concord. • Found little weapons, most had been removed. • Began their march back to Boston. • Ambushed by 300 colonial troops at Concord’s North Bridge! • Colonial troops continued to fire at British force as they retreated back to Boston! • 174 British troops wounded, 73 troops dead! • Significance: • blood had been shed – war would now decide the fate of the 13 colonies!

39. Boston Surrounded • After Lexington and Concord, Committees of Correspondence sent out calls for volunteers to join the militias surrounding Boston! • In time 20,000 militiamen surrounded 6,000 British troops now under the command of General William Howe. • Replaced Gage after Lexington & Concord. • For several weeks, American and British armies waited nervously . . . • Who would make the next move?

40. Capture of Fort Ticonderoga • As American militiamen surrounded Boston, colonial forces made a bold move to take Fort Ticonderoga. • Located on the Southern tip of Lake Champlain! • The taking of this fort was very important! • Had a large supply of cannons and gunpowder! • Something the forces around Boston needed. • Would give the Americans control of a key route into Canada!

41. Connecticut commissioned Captain Benedict Arnold to raise 400 troops for this purpose! • Arnold learned that a self-proclaimed military manEthan Allen and his Green Mountain Boys (Vermonteers) were planning the same move! • These two men joined forces and caught the British by surprise!

42. Colonial forces quietly approached the fort. • Overpowered the guard on duty. • Rushed to the sleeping quarters of the British Commander! • Allen shouted “Come out, you old rat!” • The commander wanted to by whose authority? • Allen replied “In the name of the Great Jehovah and the Continental Congress.” • The Fort Surrendered without firing a shot on May 10, 1775!

44. The taking of the Fort was the easy part—next move would be difficult. • They needed to transport the gunpowder and the cannons to the forces around Boston. • This would be a long and difficult task! • Process will take 8 long months through rain, snow, mud, and mountains. • They finally reach Boston in January 1776 – started in May 1775!

45. Fort Ticonderoga

46. The Battle of Bunker Hill • In June, 1775 Colonel William Prescott and 1200 minutemen set up fortifications at Bunker Hill and Breed’s Hill both overlooking Boston Harbor. • From these positions, they bombard British ships sitting in the Harbor! • The British were determined to drive the Americans off the hills! • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ziNJFVt99u0

47. On June 17, 1775 General Howe assembled a force of 2400 men at the bottom of Breed’s Hill. • The British charged up the Hill! • Went against own military theory! • Americans forced the British to retreat twice! • To conserve ammunition Parker shouted out this order: “Don’t fire until you see the whites of their eyes” • The British launched a third assault. • In the end the American ran out of ammunition and were forced to withdraw!

48. The British won the Battle of Bunker Hill but at a very high cost! • Over 1,000 British troops were dead or wounded! • American casualties numbered 400! • The Battle was very significant: • First Battle of the War • Proved that the American could fight bravely • The British would not be easy to defeat

49. Choosing Sides! • As Americans heard of these battles, they knew they had to make an important decision: • Do they support the British or the rebels? • American were divided into three groups (equally divided) • 1/3 Patriots: colonists who supported rebels! • 1/3 Loyalists: colonists who supported the British! • 1/3 Neutral: those who supported neither side!

50. Loyalists • Loyalists (Tories): colonists loyal to Britain. • Did not see unfair taxes and restrictions as cause for rebellion. • Many lived in relative isolation and had not been part of the wave of discontent • Others expected Britain to win and wanted rewarded after the war! • Mostly wealthy merchants, royal officials. • Large percentage lived in Middle & Southern colonies.