(A) Building Socialism with Chinese Characteristics (1) Background

1. (A) Building Socialism with Chinese Characteristics (1) Background

2. (A) Building Socialism with Chinese Characteristics (2) Economic Reform and Opening

3. (A) Building Socialism with Chinese Characteristics (3) The Four Modernizations

4. (A) Building Socialism with Chinese Characteristics (4) Regional Economic Development

5. 1a. What problems did Deng face in 1978? (15) b. How did Deng tackle the problems That you mentioned in a? (15)

6. 2a. What attempts were made by Deng To modernize China in the last two Decades of the 20th century? (15) b. How far did the attempts contribute To the modernization of China? (15)

7. Socialism with Chinese Characteristics • Return of Deng and beginning of a new era • In 1977, Deng resumed/ rehabilitated • After the death of Zhou. • In 1978, he announced the shift of focus: • Change from class struggle and proletarian • Revolutions to economic development and • Socialist modernization. It was known as • “reform and openness”

8. Deng Xiaoping • In 1977, Deng Xiaoping became Deputy Premier and Vice-Chairman of the Communist Party of China. • He and his supporters started to regain control of the government and the CPC.

9. Deng Xiaoping making a speech at the 3rd Plenum of the 11th Central Committee of the CPC The third Plenum of the 11th Central Committee of the CPC (中國共產黨第十一屆三中全會) was held in 1978. Deng introduced the policy of reform and opening.

10. 12th National Party Congress of the CPC (中國共產黨第十二屆全國代表大會, 1982) • building socialism with Chinese characteristics (建設具中國特色的社會主義) 13th National Party Congress of the CPC (1987) • One Centre, Two Bases (一個中心，兩個基本點)

11. Reform and Opening (改革開放) • Uphold the Four Cardinal Principles (to keep to the socialist road and to uphold the people‘s democratic dictatorship, leadership by the Communist Party of China, and Marxism-Leninism and Mao Zedong Thought ) [堅持四項基本原則：堅持社會主義道路、堅持人民民主專政、堅持中國共產黨的領導、堅持馬克思列寧主義毛澤東思想] Economic construction (經濟建設)

12. B. Socialism with Chinese Characteristics • What does it mean? • Four modernization • Focus on economic construction, improve • Productivity and develop technology • Socialist market economy • Certain people get rich first and lead the • Whole country to prosperity • Carried out in 3 stages: 1990-2000-2050

13. Differences between Mao and Deng Mao: stressed ideological thinking Deng: called for economic and technological Changes Mao: emphasized on class struggle Deng: unity among the classes

14. Mao: demanded self sufficiency Deng: opened China for trade, investment And joint ventures Mao: all achieved through ideological Motivation Deng: all achieved through material Incentives.

15. (A) Building Socialism with Chinese Characteristics (2) Economic Reform and Opening

16. (a) Agricultural Reforms (i) The Household Responsibility System (HRS) Cadres taking part in the Household Responsibility System • introduced in 1978 • aimed at increasing peasants’ incentive to work • allowed peasants to keep agricultural output after handing in a fixed amount to the state • allowed peasants to sell their crops on the free market

17. The Household Responsibilty System increased agricultural production. The government extended the contracted period from 15 years to 30 years in 2003.

18. (a) Agricultural Reforms (ii) Reforming the Procurement System A peasant selling his crops to government officials In 1979, the procurement prices of crops was increased to raise peasants’ income.

19. Peasants buying television sets in 1980 The Household Responsibility System and the increase in procurement prices improved the livelihood of the peasants.

20. (b) Industrial Reforms (i) Developing Township and Village Enterprises (TVEs) Local governments set up township and village enterprises (鄉鎮企業) to provide employment opportunities and to promote economic development.

21. The number of TVEs and workers engaged in these enterprises increased rapidly in the last 20 years.

22. Workers of a TVE • provided government with 94 billion Rmb taxes in 1992 • provided township and village governments with revenue to develop agriculture • absorbed over 50% of surplus rural labour force

23. (b) Industrial Reforms Domestic private enterprises (ii) Encouraging Domestic Private Enterprises The government also encouraged people to set up private enterprises (民企). These enterprises have become an important sector in China’s economy.

24. (b) Industrial Reforms (iii) Reforming State-owned Enterprises (SOEs) • poor economic performance • lack of incentive to improve productivity because of standardization of wages

25. allowed SOEs to retain a share of profit to improve workers’ welfare and technology • gave SOEs greater power in making economic decisions • replaced the jobs-for-life policy with contract system • introduced Manager Responsibility System (廠長責任制) • allowed SOEs to be privatized or merge together

26. Shenzhen Zhuhai (C) The Open Door Policy In 1978, China introduced the Open Door Policy to attract foreign investment.

27. Shanghai

28. Xiamen

29. Hainan Shandong

30. Pudong

31. http://www.cn777.com.cn/Index.asp

32. Xian

33. (A) Building Socialism with Chinese Characteristics (3) The Four Modernizations

34. (a) Background In 1975, Premier Zhou Enlai suggested carrying out the programme of Four Modernizations (四個現代化).

35. The 11th National Party Congress of the CPC • written into the party constitution at the 11th National Party Congress in 1977 • written into the state constitution

36. http://www.abchina.com/abcon/pages/index.html (b) Agricultural Modernization • re-opened the Agricultural Bank of China to centralize the management of agricultural funds and loans in 1979 • increased financial support to agriculture

37. Carried out water-conservation projects to prevent floods • Introduced new farming machines to improve productivity • Taught farmers knowledge on animal breeding, animal disease, varieties of seeds and new farming methods

38. Set up agricultural universities to develop new farming techniques

39. Rapid industrial development has created a lot of employment opportunities in China. Most of China’s manufactured products are exported to overseas markets. (c) Industrial Modernization China’s industries developed rapidly with the opening of the country in 1978. During 1978-98, industrial production increased about 12% annually.

40. Petrochemical industry Lenovo, a famous computer company in China Automobile industry China has put great effort into the development of hi-tech information, automobile and petrochemical industries.

41. China Academy of Science is one of the most important scientific research institutes in China. http://english.cas.cn/Eng2003/page/home.asp (d) Scientific and Technological Modernization • To re-organize scientific research institutions • To develop more scientific centres

42. To train more professional scientific researchers

43. (A) Building Socialism with Chinese Characteristics (4) Regional Economic Development

44. (a) Inland-development Policy China started to promote the industrial development in inland China in the 1950s. • to redress the imbalance in industrial development of different regions • to promote provincial self-reliance and self-sufficiency

45. An automobile factory in Guangdong (廣東) (b) Coastal-development Policy In 1988, China introduced the Coastal Development Plan (沿海發展計劃). • to accelerate the development of the coastal regions • to maximize the benefits of the export trade • to attract more foreign investment

46. Zhuhai (珠海) is a coastal city undergoing rapid economic development.

47. (c) Western-development Policy In the 1990s, China started to place more emphasis on achieving a balanced regional development. the Ninth Five-Year Plan (1996-2000) and the 2010 Long Term Development Plan (2010年遠景目標綱要). President Jiang Zemin’s proposal of western-development strategy Introduction of the Western Development Plan (西部大開發計劃)

48. http://www.cdb.com.cn/index.html

49. A highway in Chengdu (成都)