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Microscopes & Cells

Microscopes & Cells. Don’t copy down this slide – just listen. Microscopes and Cells: History. Robert Hooke. In 1663, __________ coined the term “cells” 10 years later, _________________ observed bacteria and protozoa In 1833, __________ observed and coined the term “nucleus”.

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Microscopes & Cells

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  1. Microscopes & Cells

  2. Don’t copy down this slide – just listen Microscopes and Cells: History Robert Hooke • In 1663, __________ coined the term “cells” • 10 years later, _________________ observed bacteria and protozoa • In 1833, __________ observed and coined the term “nucleus” Anton van Leeuwenhoek Robert Browne

  3. Guten Tag, Dr. Shwann Cell Theory: History Guten Tag, Dr. Schleiden It appears we have come up with a very similar theory… • In 1838 (and 1839) German scientists, ________________ & ________________ independently came up with the “Cell Theory” Matthias Schleiden What shall we call this theory? Theodore Schwann

  4. Cell Theory • All living things are composed of one or more cells. • Cells are organisms' basic units of structure and function. • Cells form by free-cell formation, similar to the formation of crystals (spontaneous generation). Do you agree?

  5. all cells must come from pre-existing cells. • In 1855, German physician Rudolph Virchow discovered that… Please add the above as point #4 to the cell theory

  6. How big are cells? plant animal • Eukaryotic cells include _______ & _______ cells. • Most eukaryotic cells are between __ and ___ m. • What is the limit of the light microscope? • Why? • What is used to see smaller objects? __________________ 10 100 0.2 m It is limited to the visible light spectrum Electron Microscopes

  7. Electron Microscopy Transmission • ___________ Electron Microscopes (TEM) emit lightthrough a thin piece of heavy metal ion stained tissue • ________ Electron Microscopes (SEM) reflect light off of a piece of heavy metal ion stained tissue Scanning

  8. Prokaryotic Cells (cells without a nucleus) for ex. bacteria Label this diagram in your handout DNA (Nucleoid) Ribosomes Plasma Membrane Cytoplasm Cilium Cilia Flagellum Flagella TEM of a bacterium

  9. Eukaryotic Cells (cells with a nucleus) Plant cell Animal cell Eukaryotic cells include both plants and animal cells

  10. Differences Prokaryotes lack: True nucleus Membrane bound organelles Prokaryotes are much smaller than eukaryotes (prokaryotes are ~1 – 10 m and eukaryotes are 10 – 100 m ) Similarities Both have: DNA Cytoplasm Ribosomes Plasma Membrane Differences and similarities between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

  11. The Plasma Membrane(in all cells) • It is a semi-permeable barrier that allows for the passage of somethings based upon ______, _______, and _____________. charges size solubility in fat

  12. Plasma Membrane’s Microvilli • Fingerlike-projections from the cell’s membrane that increase the surface area.

  13. Cell Wall(in plant cells and prokaryotic cells) cell membrane • Surrounding the , this 1. provides support2. protectsplant cells and prokaryotes

  14. Cytoplasm(in all cells) • The jelly-like fluid that holds all organelles within the cell

  15. Cilia and Flagella (in all cells) • Hair-like projections that aide in movement • Cilia are shorter, more numerous and move back & forth • Flagella are longer & move in a snake-like motion.

  16. SEM of a freeze-fractured nuclear membrane Nucleus and nucleolus(in eukaryotic cells) Nucleolus • _________make ribosomes here: • Nucleus holdsDNA wrappedaround proteins that form ________ • ____________, allow things to pass into and out of the nucleus chromatin Nuclear pores TEM of nuclear pores

  17. Ribosomes: (in all cells)Function in protein synthesis (formation) • Proteins made by free ribosomes stay in the cell • Proteins made by attached ribosomes are shipped out of the cell or sent to the membrane Free ribosomes Attached ribosomes(on ER) Ribosome unit TEM of ribosomes

  18. Endoplasmic Reticulum(in eukaryotic cells) There are two types: • ER has ribosomes attached. • Modifies & transports proteins • ER does not have ribosomes on it. • Makes • Breaks down carbohydrates • Detoxifies drugs & poisons Rough Smooth lipids (fat)

  19. Vesicles (in eukaryotic cells) Organelles that transport proteins from the ER to the golgi and eventually to the plasma membrane

  20. Golgi Apparatus (in eukaryotic cells) Vesicles It sorts, packages, and ships these proteins outside the cell or to the membrane. _______ carrying protein from the ER move here.

  21. Mitochondria (in eukaryotic cells) takes place here. It is the “____________” of the cell because it creates energy using oxygen. Cellular Respiration powerhouse

  22. Chloroplasts (in plant cells) • This changes energy from the sun into chemical energy (sugar)in a process is called photosynthesis

  23. The Cytoskeleton (in all cells) 3types: microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments

  24. The Cytoskeleton (in all cells) 2. Moves the organelles within the cell and helps move flagella/cilia • Provides shape and support (skeletal) Organelle

  25. Centrosome (in eukaryotic cells) and Centrioles (in animal cells only) • Centrosomes make microtubules (cytoskeleton). • In animal cells, a pair of structures called (made of microtubules) help in cell division. centrioles Centrosome(halo) centrioles

  26. Lysosomes (in animal cells) • Special vacuole in animal cells with _________ enzymes that help clean-up the cell Lysosome engulfing a worn-out organelle digestive

  27. Vacuoles (in eukaryotic cells) • Large, central organelle in plants • Stores water and waste products • In animals, it stores food and is small in size compared to plant vacuoles

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