AVIATION SECURITY IN THE CONTEXT OF REGIONAL CONFLICT- NEW AND EMERGING THREATS

1. AVIATION SECURITY IN THE CONTEXT OF REGIONAL CONFLICT- NEW AND EMERGING THREATS BY KALYA J.D AVIATION SECURITY MANAGER, CAA- UGANDA

2. INTRODUCTION • The current threat to Civil Aviation in the African region and East Africa in particular has been exacerbated by the on going global/regional conflicts. • The new emerging terrorist groups like the AQIM(pronounced as AKIM)- Al-qu’eda in the Magreb region, the Bok Haram in Nigeria, plus unstable states in the north and central Africa, has, and shall continue to adversely affect Civil Aviation operations.

3. OBJECTIVES OF THE PRESENTATION • Appreciate the role of Civil Aviation security in the great lakes region • Understand the nature of threats to civil aviation • Know the current regional threat status in the region • Identify the groups who are a threat to civil aviation • Identify New and emerging threats to civil aviation and how they can be mitigated • Assess the Impact of security threats on the regional economy • Make recommendations and proposals

4. AVIATION SECURITY IN THE CONTEXT OF REGIONAL CONFLICT – NEW AND EMERGING THREATS • New and Emerging threats; • What are they? • Possible sources • World trend • Impact on regional level • Mitigating measures • Lessons learnt;

5. NEW AND EMERGING THREATS • Drug trafficking- East African Airports are becoming conduits for International Drug Trafficking. • Human and human parts Trafficking- There is an increase in human trafficking from East African Countries to Europe and Middle East. Isolated cases of persons being enticed to sale off their kidneys. • MANPADs- The end of the cold war has led to arms proliferation. Such arms have been accessed by terrorist groups like Al-shabab. There are used against Civil Aviation.

6. New threats, cont’d • The large picture, visa via regional economy, human rights, global village, free movement of goods and services, investment opportunities. • Chances lost.  • Way forward; • Acceptance of change, adoption of best practices, and recognizing our self as change agents. • Recommendations/proposals

7. Threat assessment; • Mitigating measures in place; • Threat assessment; • What is the current regional threat status to civil aviation? • Inability to detect • Who are these groupings? • What are their objectives? • What are their capabilities? • To what extent have their activities impacted on to civil aviation operations?

8. COMMON OR POSSIBLE TRHEATS TO CIVIL AVIATION The most common acts of unlawful interference are: • Unlawful seizure of aircraft (hijack) • Sabotage of aircraft • Sabotage of airport and airport facilities • Off- airport attacks (e.g. airport offices) • Terrorists attacks

9. AVIATION SECURITY AS A COUNTER MEASURE This is a combination of measures- human and material resources intended to safe guard civil aviation against acts of unlawful interference

10. WHY CIVIL AVIATION IS CONSIDERED AN ATTRACTIVE TARGET TO TERRORISTS • Itis a high profile industry- an attack is likely to be spectacular and generate substantial media coverage • Has high commercial value- a commercial aircraft costs millions of dollars • There are high passenger traffic levels- aircraft carry large numbers of passengers. • Air craft belong to states.

11. In addition, airports are busy and crowded places, that an attack ensures a high chances of significant numbers of fatalities and causalities. • An attack/ incident provokes, government reaction- by applying stringent security measures, policies, laws that are costly and disruptive to society.

12. Multinationallityof passengers- aircraft carry passengers of different nationalities and an attack would affect several states. • Some airlines are national carriers- an attack on a national carrier is an attack on the state. • There is limited risk to the perpetrators (in case of sabotage)

13. SOME OF THE MOTIVES OF THE OFFENDERS • Political • Religious • personal • Discredit authorities • Instill fear

14. Recent methods used by offenders • Use of aircraft as a weapon of destruction (sept. 11, 2001, USA- • Use of liquid explosives (Aug, 2011, UK) • Suicide bomber (shoe bomber, 2011 X-Mas day USA- • Suicide bomber (explosive hidden in underpants, Nigerian, Abdul Mutallab, 2009-

15. Use of vehicle bombs (Glasgow International Airport, 2007) • MANPADs ( Israel passenger jet in Mombasa, Kenya, 2002, DHL Cargo aircraft, Bagdad, 2003, UN aircraft in Angola, 2001) • Criminals stole diamonds worth hundred of thousands of Euros, at Brussels airport from an aircraft, february,2013

16. Great lakes aviation security status; • The Great Lakes Region has been characterized by conflicts- Democratic Republic of Congo, the Northern Uganda Conflict, southern Sudan, Burundi. • The following groups are a threat to civil aviation • Al-shabab • The ADF- Allied Democratic forces • Lords Resistance Army (LRA) • The M23 ( DRC) • Rwandan FDLR ( the Intarihamwe, DRC) • The Burundian FNL

17. Some of these groups are terrorist groups (Al-shabab, ADF, LRA) • Their objectives are political and religious • Al-shabab- religious/political • ADF- religious/ political • LRA- political • The Al-shabab as a terrorist group is a potential and real threat to the region as was the case in the Kampala bombings.

18. The terrorist groups activities have a negative impact on the economy in general and civil aviation in particular, cases in point, • The bombing of American Embassies in Dar-es-salaam, Nairobi. British Airways diverted its flights to Entebbe International Airport and this led to loss of revenue to Kenya and Tanzania governments. • When the Rwandan Intarihamwe attacked and killed American tourists in Bwindi impenetrable forest, the Ugandan tourist sector was adversely affected.

19. Cybercrime • The recent wave of ATM machines robberies in Kampala by Serbian and Ugandan nationals. • Intrusion, manipulation and abuse of sensitive information/data. Case of (wiki leaks) • Computer bank fraud. • Piracy of patented products. • Internet crime- face book mobilization, case of northern Africa states. • Continental conflicts have introduced a new angle to the treat; • Small arms proliferation- The Congo, Somalia, Sudan conflict has led to small arms proliferation in the region • Collapse of Libya Government- the collapse of Libya has led to creation of new terrorist groups like AQIM( Al-qu’eda in the Magreb) armed with modern weapons from former regime. This might have a spill over effect into the East African region.

20. MITIGATING MEASURES • Creation of Regional Aviation regulating agency. CASSOA( Civil Aviation Security and Safety Oversight Agency)that shall harmonies implementation of safety and security operations. • Co-operation with international agencies, partner states and regional aviation bodies . • Ensure strict adherence to regulations. Empower inspectors and enforcement. • Training. • Proper remuneration of the foot soldier. • Equipment commensurate to the task.

21. Implementation of ICAO Standard Operating Procedures(SARPs). • Training of personnel conducting Aviation- security procedures to meet sophisticated enemy tactics and weaponry. • Collaboration with partner states and international bodies. • After 11th Sept, 2001, ICAO established a Universal Security Audit Program (USAP) and subsequent programs such as Screeners Certification. Uganda was the first country to be benefit from USAP

22. LESSONS LEARNT • The East African Region is a first growing economic block and cannot afford to operate in isolation as far as Aviation Security is concerned. • Failure to safe guard the East African skies will negatively impact the regional economy. • A safe and secure air transport enables quick facilitation and free movement of global goods and services.

23. Need to enhance anti terrorism laws remaining cognizant of Human Rights concerns. The Uganda Terrorist Act , 2002 has been criticized by many human rights organizations and activities. • Aviation Security as a discipline requires proper funding, training and equipping to effectively counter organized crime.

24. THE WAY FORWARD • Accept the reality that terrorism is here to stay for an unspecified period, and adopt pro-active responses to threat information - Terrorists are well funded are able to constantly change tactics, weaponry, and communication.

25. RECOMMENDATIONS/ PROPOSALS • Implementation of ICAO Security SARPs in the East African countries. • Conduct Security Audit Programmes (SAP). • Establish an Anti- Terrorist Task Force at the East African Community Secretarial. • Correcting the non conformities identified during the Security Audit Programmes(SAP).

26. Joint training of Aviation Security personnel. • Developing an Intervention Force in the region. • Intelligence sharing among the Regional States. • Joint Nations’ Aviation Security Meetings. THANK YOU! COMMENTS/OBSERVATIONS