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Chapter 12 Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas Diseases and Disorders

Chapter 12 Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas Diseases and Disorders. Anatomy and Physiology. Liver Largest solid organ in the body Plays role in: Digestion Absorption Metabolism. Anatomy and Physiology. Liver Plays role in Blood clotting Manufacture of important chemicals

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Chapter 12 Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas Diseases and Disorders

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  1. Chapter 12Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas Diseases and Disorders

  2. Anatomy and Physiology • Liver • Largest solid organ in the body • Plays role in: • Digestion • Absorption • Metabolism

  3. Anatomy and Physiology • Liver • Plays role in • Blood clotting • Manufacture of important chemicals • Storage of nutrients

  4. Anatomy and Physiology • Gallbladder stores bile until needed • Pancreas produces and excretes most of the intestinal enzymes

  5. Common Signs and Symptoms • Liver Disease • Jaundice • Pain is the most common symptom

  6. Diagnostic Tests • Liver function tests measure bilirubin, albumin, alkaline phosphatase • Ultrasound, X-rays, CAT scan • Biopsy • Blood tests to measure pancreatic function

  7. Liver Diseases • Hepatitis • Inflammation of the liver • Causes include chemical actions of drugs, toxic substances, chronic alcoholism, group of viruses • Viral hepatitis is the most prevalent

  8. Liver Diseases • Hepatitis • Symptoms • Jaundice • Malaise • Anorexia • Myalgia

  9. Liver Diseases • Hepatitis • Symptoms • Fever • Abdominal pain • Dark-colored urine (hepatomegaly) • Clay or light-colored stools

  10. Liver Diseases • Hepatitis • Treatment • Rest • Good nutrition • Prevention • Good hygiene • Special care when handling needles and body fluids

  11. Liver Diseases • Viral Hepatitis occurs in five types • A, B, C, D, E • Hepatitis A: benign; spread by oral-fecal contact • Hepatitis B: formerly called “serum hepatitis” spread by blood, urine, feces, saliva, and semen

  12. Liver Diseases • Hepatitis C: spread by blood or sex • Hepatitis D: “delta virus” requires presence of hepatitis B to replicate • Hepatitis E: spread through fecal-oral contact, commonly due to water contamination

  13. Liver Diseases • Cirrhosis • Chronic, irreversible, degenerative • Replacement of normal liver cells with nonfunctioning scar tissue called “hobnail liver”

  14. Liver Diseases • Cirrhosis • Most common cause is chronic alcoholism • Symptoms • Loss of appetite • Nausea • Indigestion • Weakness and weight loss

  15. Liver Disease • Liver Cancer • Primary and benign tumors of liver are rare • Usually discovered late or end stage • Diagnosis confirmed by biopsy • Treatment may involve surgery, radiation, chemotherapy

  16. Gallbladder Diseases • Cholecystitis • Inflammation of gallbladder usually caused by obstruction of bile due to gallstone • Diagnosis is made by ultrasound, cholecystogram

  17. Gallbladder Diseases • Cholecystitis • Symptoms • Mild to severe RUQ pain • Nausea and vomiting after eating • Treatment surgical excision

  18. Gallbladder Diseases • Cholelithiasis • Gallstones in gallbladder or bile ducts • Symptoms • Nausea • Vomiting • RUQ pain following meals with fat

  19. Gallbladder Diseases • Cholelithiasis • Risk factors include excessive weight, increasing age, female

  20. Gallbladder Diseases • Cholelithiasis • 5 F’s of cholelithiasis • Female • Fair complexion • Fat • Fertile • Forty or older

  21. Pancreas Diseases • Pancreatitis - Inflammation of pancreas • Symptoms • Severe abdominal pain radiating to back • Nausea • Vomiting • Diaphoresis • Tachycardia

  22. Pancreas Diseases • Pancreatitis • Symptoms of chronic pancreatitis are similar to acute • Diagnosis is based on high blood amylase • Treatment and prognosis depends on cause

  23. Pancreas Diseases • Pancreas Cancer • Usually adenocarcinoma occurring in head of pancreas • Symptoms: • Abdominal pain • Back pain • Nausea • Vomiting

  24. Pancreas Diseases • Pancreas Cancer • Symptoms • Loss of appetite • Weakness • Jaundice • Fatigue

  25. Pancreas Diseases • Pancreas Cancer • Diagnosis confirmed by biopsy • Treatment • Surgical resection • Radiation and chemotherapy

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