EGYPT

1. EGYPT

2. Egyptian Music • Three adjectives to describe this song are… • The instruments used to create this song are…

3. Egypt: Land of Abundance • What do you know about ancient Egypt? • When were hieratic and hieroglyphic writing used? • Why was the Nile important to ancient Egyptians? • Who is Isis and what is her role in ancient Egyptian culture?

4. Describe this scene: what is happening?

5. Vocabulary An ancient region in the Nile River Valley, on the site of present-day southern Egypt and northern Sudan _________________________________ A large waterfall; any strong flood or rush of water _________________________________ A plain at the mouth of a river, formed when sediment is deposited by flowing water __________________________________ Fine soil found on river bottoms • Nubia • cataract • delta • silt

6. The Geography of the Nile • Why is Egypt called “the gift of the Nile”? • What are some basic facts about the Nile? • It is called that because there would be no Egypt without the Nile. • World’s longest river—same distance as New York to Alaska. • Flows north • Two sources: the White Nile and the Blue Nile, which meet in modern-day Sudan

7. The Geography of the Nile The Upper Nile is where the White Nile and the Blue Nile meet. This land was known as Nubia, an ancient region in the Nile River valley. Here the valley is very narrow, with rocky cliffs and mountains, so people have to live very close to the river. There is little land for farming. Here the Nile has six cataracts (waterfalls/rapids). • What is the Upper Nile like?

9. The Geography of the Nile • What is the Lower Nile like? • The further downriver/north you go, • The river valley gets wider, so there is more space for farming • The more rain falls, so the land is more fertile • At the end of the Nile, in the north, the river splits into a delta: several streams that flow into the Mediterranean Sea. • The Nile Delta contains very fertile farmland.

10. The Geography of the Nile • What is silt? Silt is fine soil found on river bottoms. It is excellent soil for farming. Every year, the Nile floods and covers the river valley with silt.

11. The Geography of the Nile The ancient Egyptians called their land Kemet, “the black land,” because the silt was very dark. Farther from the river, the land becomes Deshret, “the red land,” or desert. The black land is the gift of the Nile—it allows farming to exist, and farming allows civilization to exist. The red land protected Egypt and Nubia from foreign attacks. It is hard to cross the desert to invade. Unlike Mesopotamia, which was easy to conquer and had a lot of empires, Egypt was hard to invade, but the Nile provided a path for trade. • Black land? Red land? What’s that? • Why is black land/red land important?

12. Early Life Along the Nile • When did people first settle here? Hunting and fishing communities first appeared in Nubia around 6000 B.C. Unlike the Fertile Crescent, where people settled down to start farming, the Nubians settled before they started farming. Farming started in 5000 BC.

13. Early Life Along the Nile • What were Lower Egypt’s first communities like? People settled in the Nile Delta and river valley. They built villages. Their homes were made of straw, or of bricks made of mud and straw.

14. Early Life Along the Nile • What were Upper Egypt’s first communities like? • What were Nubia’s first communities like? They built scattered villages along the banks of the Nile. Nubia has less farmland, so they did more fishing and hunted ducks and other birds along the river to supplement their diet.

15. Early Life Along the Nile • How was the Nile like a highway? • What kinds of goods were traded? • It was used to transport goods. • Boats could go downriver (north) with the current. • Boats could sail upriver (south) with the winds. • Overland trade was also possible, but it was slower and harder to travel across the desert. • Silver, copper, and fine pottery • Cedar from Phoenicia • Gold from Nubia

16. Early Life Along the Nile • In Nubia, the cataracts prevented trade along the river, so the Nubians developed land routes. • The Nubians became famous traders of the ancient world. • They moved goods between central Africa and Egypt and the Middle East. • Ebony wood • Ivory from elephant tusks • Ostrich feathers and eggs • Panther skins • Throwsticks • What about trade in Nubia? “One Nubian caravan that traveled into Egypt had 300 donkeys. The donkeys carried ebony wood, ivory from elephant tusks, ostrich feathers and eggs, and panther skins. Another popular object was a throwstick, a type of boomerang that Africans used for hunting.”

17. Exit Ticket • How does the geography of the Nile change as the river runs its course? • What type of communities first appeared along the Nile? How was the Nile used for trade? • If the Nile did not flood regularly, how might life along the river have been different in ancient times? • How did the Nubians become famous as traders?

18. Warm-up, Tuesday Nov. 12 • How were Upper Egypt, Lower Egypt, and Nubia similar? • How were they different?

19. Amy Farnbach PearsonNew Mexico, USAThe year 2013 Dear Amy, I’m loving Assyria! The Tigris River runs right through the city. The buildings are all made of mud-brick. They have an amazing library! The wide open plains are great for farming, but I feel sort of unsafe… Wish you were here! Cari

20. Postcards from ancient Egypt • How well can you describe a region of ancient Egypt? You will be assigned EITHER Upper Egypt, Lower Egypt, or Nubia. You will write a postcard to a friend describing the region. • Directions: • Re-read your Cornell notes on your region. On the postcard pattern, write a short note to a friend describing the region—who, what, where, when? Your note must be at least 5 sentences. • On the other side, draw a colorful picture of the region.

21. Vocabulary The title of the kings of ancient Egypt A series of rulers from the same family or ethnic group Complete control over someone or something Someone who rules for a child until the child is old enough to rule • pharaoh • dynasty • absolute power • regent

22. Homework • What is the history of kingship in ancient Egypt? • What were Egypt’s accomplishments during each of the three kingdom periods? • What characterized the rule of Egypt during the New Kingdom period?

23. Old Middle New

24. Hatshepsut Thutmose III

25. Vocabulary A life after death A dead body preserved in lifelike condition A huge building with four sloping triangle-shaped sides; built as royal tombs in Egypt An ancient Egyptian city; the site of the Great Pyramid • afterlife • mummy • pyramid • Giza

26. Warm-up • Who are some Egyptian gods and goddesses, and what are they gods and goddesses of? • What kind of afterlife did the Egyptians believe in? • How and why were the pharaoh’s tombs built?

27. Vocabulary • hieroglyphs • papyrus • astronomer Pictures and other written symbols that stand for ideas, things, or sounds An early form of paper made from a reed plant found in the marshy areas of the Nile delta; the plant used to make this paper A scientist who studies the stars and other objects in the sky

28. Ancient Egyptian Culture • “Uni was a high-ranking Egyptian of the Old Kingdom. His life story—a success story—is recorded in his tomb. • “Uni began his career in a simple way—running a storehouse. Later, he was promoted to groundskeeper of the royal pyramid. In his job, he oversaw the delivery of stone from the quarry, the site where stone was cut, to the pyramid. Uni must have worked hard, because later he was made a general. Then, he became Governor of Upper Egypt, in charge of goods and taxes for half the kingdom. By the time of his death, Uni had become royal tutor at the palace and an honored companion of the pharoah.”

29. Ancient Egyptian Culture • How do we know anything about the everyday life of the Egyptians? • Paintings that cover the walls of tombs and temples • Written records

30. Ancient Egyptian Culture • What does art tell us? Egyptian paintings and carvings show royalty and ordinary people involved in all aspects of life. Most Egyptians were busy and hard-working. They also had a sense of fun and a love of beauty.

31. Ancient Egyptian Culture Ancient Egyptian society was like a pyramid. At the top was the pharoah. Beneath him was a small upper class, including priests, members of the pharaoh’s court, and nobles who held the largest estates. The next level was the middle class, made up of merchants and skilled workers. At the base was the largest class, the peasants, who were mostly farmers, but also builders of roads and temples. • What was Egyptian society like?

32. Ancient Egyptian Culture • Could a person rise to a higher class? • What about slaves? Yes, sometimes, through service to the pharaoh. _____________________________ Prisoners captured in war were made slaves. Slaves were not a large class. Even slaves had rights. They could own personal items and inherit land from their masters. They could also be set free.

33. Ancient Egyptian Culture Peasants usually worked the land of rich people. During the flood season, they worked on roads, temples, and other public works. The harvest was the busiest season for them. Men, women, and children all worked from sunrise to sunset. After the harvest, they feasted and offered food and drink to the gods in thanks. • What were the lives of peasants like?

35. Ancient Egyptian Culture Women were looked upon as living models of the goddess Isis. They had most of the rights men had. They could own property, run businesses, and enter into legal contracts. They were free to travel. Paintings often show women supervising farm work or hunting. Women had jobs from priestess to dancer. Noble women were in charge of temples and religious rites; they could influence the pharaoh. Some women acted as regents until the pharaoh was old enough to rule on his own. • What kind of roles did women play?

36. Ancient Egyptian Culture They used hieroglyphs, picture-like symbols. Some pictures stand for ideas or things. Other pictures stand for sounds. At first they wrote on clay and stone, like the Sumerians. Then they used the plant papyrus to form sheets that they pasted together into long scrolls. • How did the ancient Egyptians write?

37. Ancient Egyptian Culture • What kinds of advances did the Egyptians make in science and medicine? Egyptians needed to predict the Nile floods. Astronomers noticed that the Nile would rise about the same time that they could see Sirius, the Dog Star, in the sky shortly before sunrise. They worked out the average time between the appearances of the star. They found it came to about 365 days. This became the length of their year.

38. Ancient Egyptian Culture • What kinds of advances did the Egyptians make in science and medicine? The Egyptians used addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and fractions. They used math to measure stone so that it could be cut to the proper size to build pyramids. They used geometry to measure area so that they could figure out the amount of taxes for a plot of land.

39. Ancient Egyptian Culture The Egyptians saw religion and medicine as related. Doctors were specially trained priests who used religious practices and their knowledge of illnesses to try to heal the sick. They knew a lot about the body because of their work on mummies. They learned to perform surgery. They could set broken bones and treat minor injuries. They understood herbalism, the practice of creating medicine from plants. Mothers prepared home remedies. The Egyptians wrote down their medical knowledge on papyrus. Centuries later, the ancient Greeks and Romans used these records. • What kinds of advances did the Egyptians make in science and medicine?

40. What was everyday life like for ancient Egyptians? • How did ancient Egyptians write? • What kind of scientific and medical advances did the Egyptians make?

41. Review

42. Vocabulary A mineral or a combination of minerals mined for the production of metals The region of ancient Nubia between the first and second Nile cataracts The region of ancient Nubia between the second and sixth Nile cataracts A worker who is skilled in crafting goods by hand • ore • Lower Nubia • Upper Nubia • artisan

43. What was the relationship between Egypt and Nubia? • Describe the Nubian kingdoms centered in Kerma, Nepata, and Meroë.

44. Warm-up Dec. 17 • You are an ancient Egyptian or Nubian. • You choose—are you an artisan, a priest, a peasant, a pharaoh, an archer, etc.? • Write a paragraph describing your daily routine. What do you do, where do you go? • STRIVE FOR FIVE—at least five sentences.