Starter: Review Gender Roles

1. Starter: Review Gender Roles

2. You Say We Pay

3. You Say We Pay

4. Theoretical Perspectives on Division of Labour

5. Theoretical Perspectives on Division of Labour

6. Power and Control in the Family • Explain what is meant by domestic division of labour (2 marks) • Identify two reasons for the trend towards egalitarian marriage. (4 marks) • Suggest three ways in which men’s role as parents may have changed in recent years. (6 marks) • Assess sociological explanations for inequalities between husbands and wives. (24 marks)

7. Domestic Violence: Exam Questions • Explain what is meant by ‘domestic violence’(2 marks) • Suggest 3 reasons why women might stay with violent partners or husbands (6 marks) • Examine the patterns of, and reasons for, domestic violence in society. (20 marks)

8. The nature of childhood, and changes in the status of children in the family and society • How childhood is socially constructed. Pilcher, Aries, Wagg • Different sociological views on the nature and experience of childhood. Postman, Palmer, Womack • How childhood is experienced differently across gender, ethnicity and social class. McRobbie and Garber, Brannen, Howard • Cross cultural differences and how the experience of childhood has changed historically. Aries, Punch, Donzelot

9. Has the position of children improved? 1 got worse 10 significant improvements Name on a post it. Prepare to justify your answer.

10. Childhood

11. Something to consider... http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=01xYdGsisf8&feature=player_embedded&safe=active6 questions – 6 minutes...GO! • What is childhood? • Write down 3 words you would associate with childhood • What is adolescence? • When does childhood end? • How are children different from adults? • Identify 2 ways in which children are legally controlled

12. What is childhood? • It is commonly thought (in the west) that childhood is a special and protected time of life, and that children are different from adults. Why do children need protecting?

13. Primary Socialisation • Nurturing • Learning about societal norms and values • Behaviour • Rules and sanctions Childhood is sometimes referred to as a golden age of ‘innocence’. In some ways, it could be described as a period of quarantine – children are sheltered from the ‘real’ world.

14. Pilcher (1995) • The most important feature of the modern idea of childhood is ‘seperateness’. Laws (what children can and cannot do) Dress (though some argue less so nowadays) Entertainment

15. Wagg (1992) • Childhood is socially constructed. • This golden age of protection and restriction is not found throughout the world. • There is no single, universal experience of childhood. • Experiences are also vastly different in different eras (time periods). • Wagg argues childhood is not ‘natural’. ‘Biological immaturity’is the natural state (nature), childhood is social constructed (nurture)

16. Laws in the UK At what age can one... • Legally drink alcohol • Purchase cigarettes • Have sexual intercourse • Have a part-time job • Have a full-time job • Be convicted of a crime

17. Legally drink alcohol 18 • Purchase cigarettes 18 • Have sexual intercourse 16 • Have a part-time job 13 • Have a full-time job 16 • Be convicted of a crime 10

18. Criminal age of responsibility • In the UK this age is 10, what about other countries? US 6-12 India 7 China 14 (for serious crimes) Sweden 15 Belgium 18 Iran 9 for girls, 15 for boys

19. What can you conclude about the experiences of childhood from these pictures?

20. Childhood is a SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION- created and defined by society, rather than simply a biological state • Ideas about childhood vary between different cultures, societies and different historical periods

21. Cross-Cultural Differences in Childhood: A Comparative Approach • Bolivia – 5 years old expected to work. (Punch, 2001). • Samoa – never too young to take part in work. (Lowell-Homes 1974). • Tikopia – children do not automatically do what adults ask (Frith 1970). • Triobriand Islands – adults tolerate children’s sexual explorations. • Black foot Indians – beat boys to make them strong.

22. Globalisation of Western Childhood. • Some sociologists argue that childhood is a Western construct (socially constructed) that has been forcibly imposed on some cultures. • Some child liberationists think that cases of Western charities campaigning against child labour or street children imposes views about how childhood ought to be. • Some believe the Western view of childhood is spreading through the world. Not disappearing.

23. Historical differences in childhood Sociologist Phillippe Aries (1960) argued that childhood is a relatively ‘recent’ invention......

24. PRE INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY

25. Pre- industrial society • Childhood as we know it did not exist • Children were ‘little adults’ who took part in the same work and play activities as adults. • Toys and games specifically for children did not exist. • Children seen as an economic asset, rather than something to be cared for • Children were punished for crimes in the same way that adults were (In Tudor times a 7 year old could be hung for stealing) • High death rates encouraged indifference and neglect towards infants. Aries used paintings and diaries to develop his theory.

26. Why might there be problems in using evidence such as paintings and diaries to understand life? What type of data is paintings, diaries etc?

27. Childhood in Medieval Times

29. Industrial family

30. Industrialisation • Children from W/C families still worked in mines, factories etc BUT!!! • M/C attitudes started to change- parents investing emotionally in children as the death rate of children was starting to fall

31. Mid 19th Century: • Adults became concerned with children who were begging on the streets and child prostitution. • Children were banned from working in the factories and mines where many had been killed. • BUT some W/C parents resisted changes as they depended on children wages and many children continued to be badly treated

32. Aries (1960) Critique: • Was there no concept of childhood in the past? Or merely a different notion of childhood.

33. 20th Century: A Child-Centred Society • Emergence of child- centred society- ‘children are valued, loved and protected!’ • As a result of improved standards of living= major decline in infant mortality rates • Increased availability of contraception meant couples could choose to have fewer children= invest more time in them in terms of love, socialisation and protection

34. Child centred society Have their own toys, TV programmes, play areas made especially for them!! Have their own doctors, teachers etc, to care for them Children are provided with an education Special food/drink for kids

35. Task Read the following statements and decide which period of time it fits into....

36. What period of time am I? • Children and adults both work • Children’s toys and games do not exist • Lots of laws to protect children • Childhood seen as separate from adulthood • Many middle class children stop working • increased contraception • Aries argued that children were regarded as an economic asset

37. What period am I? • High infant mortality rate • Child centred society • No laws to stop children being over-worked • Adults start to become concerned about child prostitution • children work in mines, factories etc • Infant mortality rate starting to fall • Children are like small adults, taking part in the same work and play activities

38. PerspectivesonChildhood

39. What is meant by the idea that childhood is socially constructed?

40. How has childhood changed over time?

41. Activity: Suggest reasons why childhood has changed during industrialisation?

42. Modern Childhood • Children now had a separate legal status • Accompanied by development of adults specialising in children Aries • Our world is obsessed with the physical, moral and sexual problems of childhood • Children have different needs • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dzCHjfaEgn8&feature=related&safe=active

43. Assessment Questions: • Explain what is meant by the term child centred society (2 marks) • Suggest 2 reasons why childhood can be argued to be a social construction (4 marks) • Identify three changes linked to industrialisation that have led to changes in the position of children (6 marks)

44. Has the position of children improved? Activity – Yes – No Continuum. Name on a post it. Prepare to justify your answer.

45. De Mause (1974) “The history of childhood is a nightmare from which we have only recently begun to awaken. The further back in history one goes, the lower the level of childcare, and the more likely children are to be killed, abandoned, beaten, terrorised or sexually abused” Q) What is DeMause trying to say?

46. THINK OF KEY WORDS WE ASSOCIATE WITH CHILDHOOD……..

47. innocence happiness Fun playing Love

48. The positive view of childhood March of progress • Over the past few centuries, the position of children has improved • Today children are more valued, better cared for, protected etc • The family and society have become more child centred!! Evidence: Laws against child labour. Child Protection Professionals. Lower infant mortality. Smaller family sizes – needs met.

49. Conflict View • ‘March of Progress’ view is false • Society is based on conflict • There are inequalities between children – risk and care, many remain unprotected • Inequalities between children and adults – experience greater control, oppression and dependency, not care and protection

50. But could childhood be disappearing?