Chapter 18

1. Chapter 18 Linguistics

2. What is Language? • Our ________________ means of ______________________________ • Can be _______________ or ____________________

3. clock shoes ball ______________ is based on arbitrary, ____________________ associations between words and the _____________ which they stand for.

4. Natural communication of other ________________________ are ______________________________ • Only humans “__________________” • Calls are produced by ___________________________ stimuli • Voice ____________ of apes is not suitable for _____________________

5. Recent experiments have shown that ___________ can learn to use ____________ language even though they cannot speak.

6. Linguistic abilities shared by Apes and Humans: • _______________________– transmission through learning & passing on ____________ • ____________________- using rules of one’s language to _________ new comprehensible expressions (___________________ process) • ____________________- the ability to talk about things which are not _____________

7. The Origin of Language • Through human ________________, the latent ability of apes to _______________ and ____________ linguistic expressions flowered into language. • Our ancestors ______________ transformedinto ______________ over hundreds of thousands of years.

8. Nonverbal Communication

9. ________% of our communication is __________________, it is necessary to “_______________” with our __________. _________________- is the study of communication through body _________________, stances, _______________, and _______________expressions.

10. Readiness, Enthusiasm, Excitement When people are ready to take _____________, they often sit _____________ in their seats or stand with their ____________ on their ___________. They are ___________ to get going. They are _________ with wide, bright eyes. Body motions are alive and ________________.

11. Comfort People who are comfortable have a ____________________ stance. Their face is ___________________ and they smile without ____________________. They are not too hung up about __________ ___________. They enjoy ________________ and being touched by loved ones. They make often make long, gazing ________ contact.

12. Frustration Common signs of frustration are:___________ _________________, running fingers through hair, touching palm to _________________, clenching hands or ____________, and exasperated sigh, or _________________ in the small _______________ of the face.

13. Superiority People who feel superior to you often appear _______________, with the hands clasped behind their heads or _____________. The chin and ___________ is often held _________. They may lean back in their chairs, _________ their ___________, or lean their bodies against the ____________, table, or ______________.

14. Boredom Bored people _________ their fingers or __________, and sometimes point their bodies to the ____________, often checking their ______________. They may sit with their _________ crossed, kicking their foot slightly. They sometimes rest their ___________ or cheek on their hand and allow their ___________________ to ________________.

15. Nervousness Nervous people sometimes cover their ____________when they speak. Their ______________may break. _____________________ is hesitant, and they may clear their _____________ and wring their hands while looking ______________ and away. Their facial muscles may _________________ and they sometimes ________________ their hands.

16. Fear People who are afraid often have wide _________. They may obviously __________all over or ____________. They sometimes cover their face or ______________as a means of _____________________. Often their mouths are _______________open.

17. Other North American Body Clues: EYESaccording to _____________, “the eyes are the mirror to the soul.” • _________________eye contact shows trustworthiness & truthfulness • ______________eyes indicate aloofness and _______________ • _______to ________seconds is considered normal eye contact in U.S. • Intent __________________is considered ____________________ • _______________into one’s eyes can signal _________ & admiration • Raised _______________ means ________________ or surprise

18. Other North American Body Clues: POSTURE • __________legs may signal disagreement or self-protection • Crossed legs may also signal ____________________ • Brisk, _____walk with freely swinging _______=confidence • ___________, legs slightly apart signals _____________and relaxation • Sitting w/ locked _________may mean apprehension or fear • Hands in ____________with hunched shoulders means ________________, or could also signal _________________

19. Other North American Body Clues: HANDS AND ARMS • Arms _________ means either self-protection or we are cold • ______ hands above ____________signals _____________ • ___________ our shoulders may be interpreted as not caring • Rubbing the back of the ________ could indicate frustration • Stroking the _______may indicate contemplation or thought • Patting your ___________ can mean __________________

20. Sociolinguistics The field that investigates ______________ between social and ______________ variation, or language in its __________________ context. • How do different speakers use a given language? • How do linguistic features correlate with social stratification?

21. Focal Vocabulary • Lexicon- a language’s _____________; its set of names for _________________, events, and ideas. • One’s lexicon influences perception. (Example: Eskimos have several different words for different types of snow. Most English speakers don’t see the differences in types of snow because our language only provides one word for snow.)

22. Focal Vocabulary • However, English speakers also can _______________ their snow vocabulary. For example, skiers name varieties of snow with words that are missing from the lexicons of southern Louisiana residents. • Such specialized sets of ____________and __________________that are particularly important to certain groups are known as ___________________________________.

23. Focal Vocabulary for Golf Element of Golf Insider’s Term birdie 1 stroke under par eagle 2 strokes under par 19th hole bar at the clubhouse banana ball ball that curves right dogballs scoring an 8 on a hole mulligan a do-over

24. Linguistic Diversity • Millions of Americans have _______languages other than _____________________. • Most of those people eventually become ______________, adding ______________as a _____________________language. • In many _______________ nations, people use ______ different languages on different occasions: one in the _____________ and the other on the ___________ or in ____________

25. Style Shifts Whether _______________ or not, we all vary our _____________ in different contexts. For example, our ____________ of speech will most likely _____________ when we leave a _________________________ to meet some friends for dinner.

26. Style Shifts In certain parts of _________________, people regularly switch ___________________. This phenomenon, known as _______________, applies to “_________” and “____________” variants of the ________________language.

27. Style Shifts People employ the “high” variant at _______________ and in ____________, professions, and the mass media. They use the “_________” variant for ordinary conversation with ___________ members and __________________.

28. Stratification We evaluate the speech of _______________ groups ______________________, calling it “_____________________” This is not because these ways of speaking are ____________ in themselves but because they have come to symbolize __________________.

29. Language and Status Position _______________are terms used with people, often by being _____________to their names to “honor” them. (Mr., Mrs., Dr., Professor, Dean, Senator, Reverend, Honorable, President) ___________________ routinely use “________” and “____________” for older or _______________________women and men.

30. Gender Speech Contrasts Men and women tend to have differences in _________________, vocabulary, ______________ __________________ and movements that accompany ______________.

31. Men are apt to use more __________negatives (don’t want none!) Men sometimes adapt ___________class speech because they associate it with _________________. Men typically know terms related to _________, and try to use those terms more precisely than women. Women are more careful about “_____________” speech. They use of certain types of expressions associated with women’s traditional ___________power in society (oh dear, goodness!) Women are more likely to use _____________ such as adorable, lovely, sweet. GenderDifferences