Transport systems Respiration

1. Transport systems Respiration

2. We’ll be discussing • what respiration is • Pathway of blood • Cardiac cycle • Principles governing blood circulation • Cardiovascular disease

3. What is respiration? • The release of energy • when food substances are broken down by • oxidation into simpler substances • such as carbon dioxide and water. • It is a chemical process.

4. There are two types of respiration: • Aerobic • Anaerobic

5. Aerobic respiration • The release of a relatively large amount of energy • by the breakdown of food substances • in the presence of oxygen

6. Aerobic Respiration occurs in the cell in the ….

7. Mitochondria

8. Aerobic Respiration • Breakdown of food substances • Occurs in the mitochondria • Similar to combustion of fuel

9. Inspiration Air breathed in Air breathed in

10. Inspiration Occurs when air is taken into the lungs

11. Expiration Air breathed out Air breathed out

12. Expiration Occurs when air passes out of the lungs

13. Expired air Water droplets Mirror

14. Can be written in a word equation: Oxygen Water + Glucose + Carbon dioxide + Relatively lots of energy

15. Components of inspired and expired air

16. Review • Why are the amounts of oxygen, carbon dioxide and water vapour different in inspired and expired air? Answer: Respiration uses oxygen and produces carbon dioxide and water. Thus, the expired air contains less oxygen and more carbon dioxide and water

17. BREATHING AND RESPIRATION • Are breathing and respiration the same? • Respiration is a chemical process. • In aerobic respiration, we need oxygen. • How do we get the oxygen? By BREATHING • Inhaling (breathing in) takes in oxygen • Exhaling (breathing out) takes out carbon dioxide and water

18. Respiration and breathing

19. Functions of the circulatory system • Transports materials • Nutrients from digested food • Respiratory gases: CO2 and O2 • Waste materials: toxins and nitrogenous wastes • Antibodies • Hormones • Enzymes • Blood pH • Heat transport

20. The Challenge of Getting Oxygen • As animals increase in size, more oxygen is required to meet their energy needs. • To deliver greater amounts of oxygen to cells, the respiratory membranes of the more complex animals must have an increased surface area.

21. Some animals, such as earthworms, use their skin as a respiratory membrane The skin must be kept moist at all times to allow the proper diffusion of gases.

22. Fish, some salamanders, clams, starfish, and crayfish exchange gases through their gills. • Gills are, essentially, extensions of the outer surface of the body.

23. The extensive folding and branching of the gills provide increased surface area for the diffusion of gases, improving the efficiency of the respiratory organ. Fish also use a countercurrent flow—the water moves over the gills in one direction while the blood, contained within the capillaries inside the gill, moves in the opposite direction. Countercurrent flow increases the efficiency of oxygen intake and ensures that the oxygen diffuses into the blood over the entire length of the blood vessel inside of the gill.

25. Although gills are ideal for aquatic environments, they are poorly adapted for land. Why? Exposing the large surface area of the respiratory membrane to air causes too much evaporation. If the gills become dry, the membrane becomes impermeable to the diffusion of gases.

26. What does the body need for releasing energy? ? ? The body’s energy-releasing process depends on the digestive system and the breathing system. glucose is the fuel supplied by the digestive system oxygen is supplied by the breathing system

27. Questions 1.What is the fuel used by the body’s cells? 2.What gas is needed to release energy from this fuel? 3.Name three organ systems involved.

28. The body’s energy-releasing process respiration glucose oxygen In the body’s cells, the chemical energy stored in glucose is usually released by a chemical reaction with oxygen. This energy-releasing process is called: energy Why does every living cell need a constant supply of glucose and oxygen?

29. Waste products of aerobic respiration energy glucose ? oxygen ? Aerobic respiration releases energy that is useful. This process is a chemical reaction between glucose and oxygen which also produces waste products. Breathing in obtains the oxygen needed for aerobic respiration. Breathing out removes the waste products of aerobic respiration.

30. Waste products – see your breath test water vapour What happens when you breathe outonto a cold pane of glass? What happens when you breathe outon a freezing cold day? In both cases, you can see some of the air that you have breathed out. Why? Water vapour condenses into a liquid and becomes visible. What does this test tell you about aerobic respiration? Another waste product of aerobic respiration must be… …water.

31. Aerobic respiration: word equation energy glucose water oxygen carbon dioxide energy carbon dioxide glucose water oxygen

32. Aerobic respiration: word equation activity

33. Aerobic respiration: quiz

34. How much energy is needed? When does the body need to release more energy? not very active = low energy requirements very active = high energy requirements During which type of activities is the rate of aerobic respiration higher?

35. Multiple-choice quiz

36. Do All Animals & Plants Respire? • We can check this by seeing if they produce carbon dioxide. • Lime water goes cloudy & bicarbonate indicator goes from red to yellow if carbon dioxide is present.

39. Smoking: Tobacco smoke contains: • Nicotine : addictive • Tar : Smokers cough; cancer • Carbon monoxide : small babies due to poor growth.

41. General plan of the cardiovascular system • Heart • Atrium • Ventricle • Blood vessels • Arteries • Arterioles • Capillaries and capillary beds • Venules • Veins • Blood

42. The Process of Voice • Voice production relies on: • Respiration • Phonation • Resonance • Each of these processes is not independent, and they may change simultaneously.

43. The upper respiratory tract (respiration, eating, articulation, resonance, and phonation) • Nasal cavity • Oral cavity • Pharynx • Larynx • The lower respiratory tract (breathing for life and for speech) • Trachea • Bronchi • Lungs (with bronchioles/alveoli)

44. The Respiratory System

45. Mammalian respiration

46. Lung ventilation through breathing • Positive pressure breathing in frogs • “Gulping in” air • Negative pressure breathing in reptiles and mammals • Rib muscles and diaphragm change lung volume and pressure

47. Control centers in the brain regulate breathing

48. Respiratory pigments • CO2 transport • 7% in plasma • 23% bound to hemoglobin • 70% as HCO3- • buffer

49. Quiz 1. What are the reactants in the respiration equation? 2. What are the products of respiration? 3. What is the useful product of respiration? • Give one reason why respiration must take place in our bodies. 5. Where in our bodies does respiration take place? • What is the difference between respiration and combustion?

50. Blood flow in mammals • R side of heart: • pulmonary circuit • L side of heart: • systemic circuit • one way valves: • atrioventricular valves • semilunar valves