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Earth Science

Earth Science. Earth Science. Earth science encompasses 5 areas of study: Astronomy Geology Oceanography Meteorology Environmental Science. Earth Science. Astronomy. Astronomy. The study of objects beyond Earth’s atmosphere.

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Earth Science

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  1. Earth Science

  2. Earth Science • Earth science encompasses 5 areas of study: • Astronomy • Geology • Oceanography • Meteorology • Environmental Science

  3. Earth Science Astronomy

  4. Astronomy • The study of objects beyond Earth’s atmosphere • Astronomers study the universe, which includes galaxies, stars, planets, and other bodies they have identified.

  5. Earth Science Astronomy Geology

  6. Geology • The study of the materials that make up Earth • The processes that form and change these materials • The history of the planet & its life-forms since its origin

  7. Geologists • Identify rocks • Study glacial movements • Interpret clues to Earth’s 4.6-billion-year history • Determine how forces change our planet

  8. Earth Science Astronomy Geology Oceanography

  9. Oceanography • The study of Earth’s oceans • Oceanographers study the creatures that inhabit saltwater, measure different physical & chemical properties of the oceans, & observe various processes in ocean water.

  10. Earth Science Astronomy Environmental Science Meteorology Geology Oceanography

  11. Meteorology • The study of weather-producing forces in the atmosphere • Meteorologists also try to forecast the weather & learn how changes in weather over time might affect the Earth’s climate.

  12. Earth Science Environmental Science Astronomy Meteorology Geology Oceanography

  13. Environmental Science • The study of the interactions of humans and their environment • Environmental scientists study how organisms impact the environment positively & negatively. • Topics of study include: natural resources, pollution, alternative energy sources, & impact of humans on atmosphere.

  14. Earth’s Systems • Scientists have identified 4 main Earth systems that are unique yet interact with each other in important ways. • Biosphere • Geosphere • Hydrosphere • Atmosphere Time to make a foldable!

  15. Earth’s Systems

  16. Scientific Investigations

  17. Scientific Method • The scientific method is a series of problem-solving procedures that help scientists conduct experiments. • No matter the work, scientists use similar methods to gather data and communicate information.

  18. Steps of Scientific Method • Observe an unexplained phenomenon. • Make observations, research, and use prior knowledge to state a problem. • Form a hypothesis. • Design an experiment. • Conduct the experiment while recording data. • Compare the actual results to expected results. • Draw a conclusion. • Report the results and compare them to those of similar experiments. • Accept or reject hypothesis.

  19. Scientific Method Observe a phenomenon. Collect information to state a problem. Form a hypothesis. Design an experiment. Conduct experiment and collect data. Actual results Expected results Compare Repeat to achieve consistent results. Refine and test a different hypothesis. Draw a conclusion. Hypothesis supported Hypothesis not supported Report results of experiment. Compare results from similar experiments. Accept hypothesis which leads to additional experimentation.

  20. Sample Experiment • What is the effects of acid on the weathering of rocks? • 3 samples of identical rocks- • 1st does not receive anything • 2nd receives low strength acid • 3rd receives high strength acid • Observations and measurements are then made to answer the question.

  21. Important Vocabulary • hypothesis – a testable explanation of a situation that can be supported or disproved through experimentation • variable – changeable factor; experiments only test ONE variable at a time • independent variable – the factor that is changed by the experimenter; I change the Independent variable • dependent variable – the factor that is affected by changes in the independent variable; the dependent depends on the independent • control- the group in an experiment that is not changed; used to show the results of an experiment are a result of the independent variable being changed

  22. Types of Observations and Measurements • We makeQUALITATIVEobservations of reactions — changes in color and physical state. • We also makeQUANTITATIVE MEASUREMENTS, which involve numbers. • UseSI units— based on the metric system

  23. Stating a Measurement In every measurement there is a • Numberfollowed by a • Unit from a measuring device The number should also be as precise as the measurement!

  24. UNITS OF MEASUREMENT Use SI units — based on the metric system Length Mass Volume Time Temperature Meter, m Gram, g Liter, L Seconds, s Celsius degrees, ˚C kelvins, K

  25. Some Tools for Measurement Which tool(s) would you use to measure: A. temperature B. volume C. time D. weight

  26. Learning Check Match L) length M) mass V) volume ____ 1. A bag of tomatoes is 4.6 kg. ____ 2. A person is 2.0 m tall. ____ 3. A medication contains 0.50 g Aspirin. ____ 4. A bottle contains 1.5 L of water. M L M V

  27. Learning Check What are some U.S. units that are used to measure each of the following? A. length B. volume C. weight D. temperature

  28. Reading a Meterstick . l2. . . . I . . . . I3 . . . .I . . . . I4. . cm First digit (known) = 2 2.?? cm Second digit (known) = 0.7 2.7? cm Third digit (estimated) between 0.05- 0.07 Length reported =2.75 cm or 2.74 cm or 2.76 cm

  29. Known + Estimated Digits In 2.76 cm… • Known digits2and7are 100% certain • The third digit 6 is estimated (uncertain) • In the reported length, all three digits (2.76 cm) are significant including the estimated one

  30. Learning Check . l8. . . . I . . . . I9. . . .I . . . . I10. . cm What is the length of the line? 1) 9.6 cm 2) 9.62 cm 3) 9.63 cm How does your answer compare with your neighbor’s answer? Explain any differences.

  31. Zero as a Measured Number . l3. . . . I . . . . I4 . . . . I . . . . I5. . cm What is the length of the line? First digit 5.?? cm Second digit 5.0? cm Last (estimated) digit is5.00cm

  32. Always estimate ONE place past the smallest mark! • Meniscus= the curved upper surface of a liquid in a tube. • Measure volume from the bottom of the meniscus

  33. O—H distance = 9.4 x 10-11 m 9.4 x 10-9 cm 0.094 nm Units of Length • ? kilometer (km) = 500 meters (m) • 2.5 meter (m) = ? centimeters (cm) • 1 centimeter (cm) = ? millimeter (mm) • 1 nanometer (nm) = 1.0 x 10-9 meter

  34. Anders Celsius 1701-1744 Lord Kelvin (William Thomson) 1824-1907 Temperature Scales • Fahrenheit • Celsius • Kelvin

  35. 212 ˚F 100 ˚C 373 K 100 K 180˚F 100˚C 32 ˚F 0 ˚C 273 K Temperature Scales Fahrenheit Celsius Kelvin Boiling point of water Freezing point of water Notice that 1 kelvin = 1 degree Celsius

  36. MAPS • Latitude lines- run parallel to the equator • Longitude lines- run east/west of the prime meridian • BOTH are necessary to locate exact places on Earth • Earth is divided into 24 time zones, each 15° wide, that help regulate daylight hours across the planet

  37. GPS • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ALN7gXF1thY

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