Paradigm Shift in Local Publicness: Examining Experiences in Europe

1. A paradigm shift in local publicness: Examining the experiences in Europe Katsutaka Shiraishi Leader of Group 1, LORC

2. Environmental sustainability Sustainable development Economic sustainability Social sustainability Image of local sustainability in EU Integration of environmental, social and economic sustainability under the leadership of local governments

3. Sustainability and governance (local level) Governance is a must from the sustainability perspective • Governance from the Neo-liberal perspective • Reorganisation/ reconsideration of the public-private relationship – focus is on downsizing the work of the public sector • Sustainability is considered only as a policy objective/ one policy of a policy list • Sustainability is not strategically embedded into local governments ☆Connecting the challenge of sustainability and that of governance ☆Meaning/ value of considering this at local level

4. Two features of “unsustainability” ① Human society putting burden on environment Market economy ＋ human activities　←→　natural environment ② Human activities and natural environment cannot be commodified totally Market economy ←→ human activities + natural environment Through the commodification of labour power, economic activities are abstracted from the lifeworld and come to be tied with exchange value (money)Participation in market as a commodified labour Attempts to maintain a certain standard of living, even if one cannot participate in market - Social policy of welfare states towards 'decommodification' Non-market social relations constitute the foundation of the lifeworld,and they used to form the basis of sustainable material circulation and sustainable use and management of local resources - Dependence on the government sector and money

5. Lifeworld Development of a local social system that is mutually dependent on the environment Environment (natural and built environment）and locality • A lifestyle that contributes to the reduction of environmental load • A local social system that deals with sustainability management Reconstruction and embedding of non-market and non-governmental frameworks (“decommodification”) Human society Local social system Built environment Natural environment

6. Image of local governance in EU countries Good governments do not go for a simple downsizing – sceptical about the neoliberal reforms Govern-ment Civil society Market Mutual complement of various kinds of economies, not the market economy itself Expansion of the spheres Connection between people – development of social capital, non-market relations

7. Environmental sustainability Sustainable development Social sustainability Economic sustainability Creating link between sustainability and governance Local and regional sustainability Local governance

8. From comparative analysis of 40 cities in EU H Social capacity of locality Dynamic governing 　　→high success rate Voluntary governing 　→ low success rate H L Passive government 　　→failure Active government 　→middle success rate L Sustainability and governance ・Partnership between local governments and their partners ・Existence of active local governments Stages of governance and success rates of sustainable development policies (Evans, et al.) Institutional capacity of local governments

9. Development of multi-stakeholder partnerships • EU Structural Policy (Cohesion Policy): • More than 200 stakeholders take part in the process of plan makings and implementations in an area • UK: Single Regeneration Budget (SRB) → Local Strategic Partnerships (LSP), Local Area Agreements (LAA)

10. Challenges to the multi-stakeholder partnership-oriented policy development US: voluntary & community sector to be “quasi-business sector” UK: multi-stakeholder partnership or “quasi-public sector” Failure of US and challenge of UK The failure of Empowerment Zone (Clinton gov. → Bush gov.) From SRB to LSP (Major gov. → Blair gov.)

11. Focus of EU’s interpretation of local sustainability • Environment (natural and built): Aalborg Charter (1994) 　　　　　　　　↓ • Social inclusion: Urban Action Plan (1998) 　　　　　　　　↓ • Economy: Lisbon Agenda (2000)

12. Society driven by multi-stakeholder partnership Integration of sustainable development strategies at local level ←Breaking away from sectionalism and a list of individual policies (which implies no strategic connections between the policies) Deliberative democracy-style policy development Partnership between governments and subsidiarity principle government Civil society market Corporate Social Responsibility Social enterprises NPOs, cooperatives, community organisations, and other associations

13. Image of paradigm shift in local publicness ・Local and regional sustainability New local publicness ― paradigm shift needed • ・Local governance • Development of a multi-stakeholder partnership society • Policy development and implementation with multi-stakeholder partnerships

14. Need for socially-oriented human resources • Human resources who support the formation of a civil society sector • Facilitation capacity that bridges multi-stakeholder partnerships • Creativity that socialise the paradigm shift (value, imagination)