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Ch. 32 Warm-Up

Ch. 32 Warm-Up. Draw and label the parts of a nephron. What are the 4 main functions of a nephron? Where does each function in #2 above occur in a nephron? In the glomerulus, which substances are filtered? Which substances remain in the blood?. Controlling the Internal Environment.

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Ch. 32 Warm-Up

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  1. Ch. 32 Warm-Up • Draw and label the parts of a nephron. • What are the 4 main functions of a nephron? • Where does each function in #2 above occur in a nephron? • In the glomerulus, which substances are filtered? Which substances remain in the blood?

  2. Controlling the Internal Environment Chapter 32

  3. What you must know: • Three categories of nitrogenous waste, which animal groups produce each, and why. • The components of a nephron, and what occurs in each region. • How hormones affect water balance by acting on the nephron.

  4. Osmoregulation: control solute concentrations and balance water gain/loss • Excretion: removal of nitrogenous wastes from body Types of Nitrogenous Wastes: • Ammonia– water soluble, very toxic; aquatic animals • Urea– produced by liver; less toxic, conserves water; most vertebrates • Uric acid – excreted as paste or crystals; birds & reptiles

  5. Types of Nitrogenous Wastes

  6. Various forms of excretory systems Protonephridia - Platyhelminthes (Planaria) Metanephridia - Annelida Malpighian tubules – Insects, arthropods Kidneys - Vertebrates

  7. How to make urine: • Water and solutes enter filtrate; blood cells and proteins remain in body fluid. • Reclaim glucose, vitamins, hormones • Add toxins and excess ions • Filtrate leaves body as urine

  8. Mammalian Excretory System

  9. Nephrons: functional units of the kidney • Glomerulus: filtrate forced into Bowman’s capsule. • Blood cells and proteins DO NOT enter filtrate

  10. Processing of blood filtrate: • Proximal tubule: secretion & reabsorption change volume and composition of filtrate • Bicarbonate, NaCl, water is absorbed • Descending loop of Henle: reabsorb water • Ascending loop of Henle: reabsorb salt • Distal tubule: K+ and NaCl levels regulated • Collecting duct: filtrate becomes more concentrated; minimize water loss

  11. From blood filtrate to urine SECRETION FILTRATION REABSORPTION EXCRETION

  12. Hormones • Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH):  urine concentration, reduce H2O loss • Also called vasopressin • Renin/angiotensin II: raise blood pressure • Aldosterone:  Na+ reabsorption,  H2O retention, blood volume, pressure

  13. Blood Pressure Regulation

  14. Urine exits kidney through Ureters • Bladder: stores urine • Urethra: urine exits body

  15. Believe it or not… • Your kidneys are only 4 in long and weigh about 5 oz (weight of ½ unfinished can of pop) • Usually we urinate 1.5-2.5 liters/day • 44 gallons of blood is filtered by kidneys everyday-2 bathtubs full • Fresh urine is cleaner than spit, cleaner than your hands after they have been washed and cleaner than the sandwich you will eat for lunch • Gandhi drank urine every day (Tantric Yoga practice) • Gladiators brushed their teeth with it • Colonial housewives cleaned their home with it • 1st football=pig bladder

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