Anatomy & Physiology: Exploring Body Organization and Function

1. Ch. 1 Warm-Up • How is anatomy different from physiology? • What are the levels of organization of the human body from smallest  largest? • List the 11 organ systems of the body.

2. Intro to Anatomy & Physiology UNIT 1

3. Objectives: • Explore the history of Anatomy & Physiology • Explain how structure complements function • Name the levels of structural organization • List the functions necessary for life • List the survival needs of the body • Define homeostasis and explain its significance • Use correct anatomical terms to describe the body

4. Anatomy: studies the structure of body parts and their relationship to one another • Physiology: the function of the body parts • Complementarity of Structure & Function • What a structure can do depends on its specific form • “Structure determines function”

5. Subdivisions of Anatomy • Gross or Macroscopic • parts visible to naked eye • Microscopic • Cytology: study of cells • Histology: study of tissues • Developmental • Embryology: study changes that occur before birth

6. History of Anatomy & Physiology • Egyptians perfected mummification • Major organs cleaned and placed in clay jars • Body cavity filled with sawdust-like materials • Natron used to dry the body • Wrapped in linen • Then covered in a shroud

7. Ancient Egyptians • In the process of mummifying people ancient Egyptians were able to identify and document: • Heart & vessels • Liver • Spleen • Kidneys • Uterus • Bladder • Hypothalamus **Even though they didn’t really know what they did or how they worked…**

8. Ancient Greece • Hippocrates • Hippocratic Corpus • Hippocratic Oath • Aristotle • Father of comparative anatomy (based off of dissections) • 1st recorded school of anatomy • Alexandria • The 1st to allow cutting and examination of dead bodies (criminals only)

9. Ancient Greece gets weird… • Galen • Performed vivisections on monkeys and pigs to gain physiological understanding • YES, that means cutting open something while it is still alive… • Studied wounds of Gladiators • Called wounds “windows into the body” • Only 5 gladiators died under his care

10. 16th Century • Anatomical Theatres • People traveled extreme distances to watch professors teach during dissections • Stadium style seating • Increased the number of people who could benefit from each cadaver • Increased grave robbing • The discovery of electricity opened another can of worms… • Galvanism: contraction of muscle due to electric current • Ideas for Shelley’s “Frankenstein”

11. 17th & 18th Centuries • Many artists trained in anatomy in order to produce life-like artwork • Leonardo da Vinci • Michelangelo • Rembrandt • This included attending lectures, public dissections, and private studies • Only certified anatomists were allowed to perform dissections, but anyone could watch for a certain price

12. Levels of Structural Organization atomic  molecular  cellular  tissue  organ  organ system  organism

13. Overview of Organ Systems

14. Overview of Organ Systems

15. Overview of Organ Systems

16. Overview of Organ Systems

17. Overview of Organ Systems

18. Overview of Organ Systems

19. Functions Necessary for Humans to Live • Maintaining boundaries (inside vs. outside) • Movement (internal & external) • Responsiveness: sense changes and respond • Digestion: break down foods for absorption • Metabolism: all chemical reactions in body • Excretion: remove wastes • Reproduction: cell division, whole organism • Growth: increase in size/part

20. Survival Needs • Nutrients (Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Salt, etc.) • Oxygen • Water • Normal Body Temperature (98.6F or 37C) • Atmospheric Pressure & Gravity • “Packing for Mars” by Mary Roach

21. Homeostasis • Maintain relatively stable internal conditions • Receptor (input)  control center  effector (response) • Negative (-) feedback: reduces effect of stimulus • Eg. body temp, breathing rate, blood sugar levels • Positive (+) feedback: increases response • Eg. labor contractions, blood clotting • Diseases = homeostatic imbalance

25. The Language of Anatomy

26. Anatomical Position • Body erect, feet slightly apart, palm face forward, thumbs pointing out

27. Terms you need to know: • Superior (cranial) • Inferior (caudal) • Ventral (anterior) • Dorsal (posterior) • Medial • Lateral • Proximal • Distal • Superficial (external) • Deep (internal) • Axial • Appendicular • Saggital plane • Frontal (coronal) plane • Transverse (horizontal) plane

28. Directional Terms

29. Directional Terms

30. Directional Terms

31. Regional Terms • Axial: main part of body = head, neck, & trunk • Appendicular: limbs attached to axis

32. The body can be divided into flat surfaces called planes • Sagittal plane • divides into right/left • Frontal/coronal plane • divides into anterior/posterior • Transverse/horizontal plane • divides into superior/inferior

37. Which plane is shown below? kidneys brain thigh

38. Body Cavities • Dorsal body cavity: • Cranial cavity • Vertebral/spinal cavity • Ventral body cavity • Thoracic • lungs, heart, trachea, esophagus • Abdominopelvic • digestive, reproductive, urinary

39. Body Cavities • Oral cavity (within mouth) • Nasal cavity (inside nose) • Orbital cavities (hold the eyes) • Middle ear cavities (in skull, transmit & amplify sound)

40. Abdominopelvic Quadrants

41. Abdominopelvic Regions